chief joseph speech to congress 1879

I know that my race must change. Academic.Tips. All rights reserved by Founding Fathers USA. Speech analysis - students find examples of and explain the emphasis created by usi, The speech "Words Do Not Pay" is one of many well-crafted speeches Chief Joseph delivered to Congress appealing to him for the equal rights and freedom for his people.The assignment includes:1. They are all brothers. Primary Source Images: The Progressive Era, 76. Too many misinterpretations have been made; too many misunderstandings have come up between the white men and the Indians. Primary Source: Warren G. Harding and the Return to Normalcy (1920), 124. endobj Academic.Tips. . Used with an audio/video of the speech, this assignment is a win-win. During a final devastating five-day battle in freezing weather conditions with no food or blankets, the Nez Perc warriors valiantly held off the U.S. troops just long enough to support the evacuation of some of their people to escape into Canada. May 01, 2023. I have shaken hands with a good many friends, but there are some things I want to know which no one seems able to explain. 31 May. ;:2R a5^Q]"Q5?AE*RZn^KdJD You also made some very convincing points. Words! Our chiefs are killed. <>>> Owing to the casualties inflicted upon the troops, the U.S. Army was not able to pursue the Nez Perc immediately. I am tired of fighting. It is cold and we have no blankets. XKhc0-A.f~3B3pD,`?V26y2i(Q~E8cxTE2Yu/Y[J\-hH i{8r1_c{l}*y[[oY9?pg+kuBX[1\"Nwk\H)-O/EHs7zox{Q'x:D42[\WHx"i!2A Give them all an even chance to live and grow. Web[On a visit to Washington, D.C., 1879] At last I was granted permission to come to Washington and bring my friend Yellow Bull and our interpreter with me. The family moved between the Wallowa Valley and the Clearwater River country, where the Reverend Henry Spalding built a mission on Lapwai Creek. endobj Such a government has something wrong about it. Identity Politics in a Fractured Society, 209. The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold, 63. I hope no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people. The Nez Perc nation and the whites knew each other well by the time Joseph was born. %3c`\q4@KvOvem@WQCP.n}BG@Z/Q B[9*Ic"ondZ24PcEtg3,Cz They do not protect my fathers grave. 25 0 obj The Spanish-American War and Overseas Empire, 87. The Origins of War: Europe, Asia, and the United States, 153. The lesson is designed to include all special populations, including ELLs, Special Education and G/T and includes content and language objectives. In the beginning, the government tried to protect the Nez Perc treaty lands, even as far as to send in cavalry and erect a fort in the Lapwai Valley, but finally gave up under the pressure of the growing wave of miners and settlers. Change Reflected in Thought and Writing, 48. Instead, they were being exploited by whites, who were pressurising them to leave their land for white settlement. Use this graphic organizer to find the rhetorical appeals--ethos, pathos, and logos in I Will Fight No More Forever in Chief Josephs Surrender Speech. May 31, 2022. https://academic.tips/question/what-was-chief-joseph-speech-of-1877-about/. 23 0 obj From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever. endobj The legendary retreat Primary Source: White Man's Burden (1899), 96. Republican Ascendancy: Politics in the 1920s, 119. A branch of the Nez Perc tribe, from the Pacific Northwest, refused to be moved to a reservation and attempted to flee to Canada but were pursued by the U.S. Cavalry, attacked, and forced to return. This activity packet will have them answers questions about the style and effectiveness of the speech. 15 0 obj Primary Source: Henry Grady on the New South (1886), 51. Primary Source Images: Reconstruction, 12. 1 0 obj However, General Nelson Miles and his force surprised them on September 30. The children grew up striving to grasp the new ideas and stresses affecting their people as white settlers moved in and played an ever-increasing role in their lives. Students will read and discuss Chief Joseph's famous speech, "I Will Fight No More Forever. Assessing the Hoover Years on the Eve of the New Deal, 134. 28 0 obj 2022. This is a very well written TA, good job! Academic.Tips. Primary Source: Charles A. Lindbergh, America First (1941), 158. General Howard continued his pursuit and almost cornered the Nez Perc, but a party of warriors led by Ollokot, Looking Glass and Toohoolhoolzote, held them off and ran off the armys mule herd, temporarily immobilizing them. Sources: Report of the Secretary Of War, Being Part Of The Message And Documents Communicated To The Two Houses Of Congress, Beginning Of The Second Session Of The Forty-Fifth Congress. Web. endobj The audience of the speech were the members of the Nez Perce tribe and the members of the US Army. If an Indian breaks the law, punish him by the law. It is the young men who say yes or no. Primary Source: Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968), 214. Despite the attack, the Nez Perc continued their effort to reach the new reservation. One of the reasons for Chief Joseph to come up with his 1877 speech was the removal of the Native American population from western lands that was forcefully completed by the Army of the United States. 12 0 obj Getting students to understand that word choice is paramount to understanding a writer's purpose should be one of the ultimate goals for English teachers. This primary source analysis includes comprehension questions and critical thinking questions related directly to the document.Feel free to view the preview for a breakdo. This "Surrender" Guide will allow your students to dig deep and analyze the famous and inspiring speech by Chief Joseph. Gibbon quickly assembled soldiers of the 7th Infantry and civilians, and set out to intercept them. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 29 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Primary Source: Migrant Farmers and Immigrant Labor (1952), 184. endobj Video: The Clinton Years, or the 1990s, 227. Next: Primary Source: Chester A. Arthur on American Indian Policy (1881), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. When it comes to investing, what is the typical relationship between risk and return? All men were made by the same Great Spirit Chief. Primary Source: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), 246. vz`naUJW;@t*FXPtskh!0ik4[C) g_ 1ufQ lU{rCES"IB=%e*-0cyCiG! *+EJ.Al`.V!E5lS'gFG;)IL8e[_0>Z[MO`ERbw5lHgD[j' }w> 5P^7#$} Zu hYB&VfH; Zg8'h Primary Source Images: Life in Industrial America, 49. The reason behind having both Native Americans and US Army representatives in one place was to frame the idea that the tribe would actually give in to the Act for Indian Removal and avoid any hostility aimed at the US Army in the future. They cannot tell me. Check out my *BEST SELLING* Presidents Differentiated Passages Pack! My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. Primary Source: Richard Nixon on the American Standard of Living (1959), 190. He explains that his people have always been taught to be truthful, honest and that is was a shame for one man to take from another his wife, or his property without paying for it. He explains that all of the Nez Perces befriended Lewis and Clark and promised to always allow them safe passage through their land and vowed to never make war on the white man. His people felt as though they had a lot to learn from the white man and where not bothered when white men began to settle on their land. When I think of our condition, my heart is heavy. For this time the Indian race is waiting and praying. Demobilization and Its Difficult Aftermath, 107. Retrieved May 01, 2023, from https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/185/civil-rights-and-conflict-in-the-united-states-selected-speeches/4856/the-surrender-of-chief-joseph-of-the-nez-perce-montana-territory-october-5-1877-chief-josephs-own-story/. This a short activity designed to further introduce the ideas of diction to your crew :) It asks the students to look at two surrender speeches from Chief Joseph and Black Hawk. Being a charismatic leader Joseph travelled to Washington D.C. to plead his people case to President Rutherford B.Hayes. He not only gained the name and inherited the responsibility to parley with the American authorities for his tribe, but also the situation made progressively more explosive as white settlers continued to invade the Wallowa Valley. In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat has spoken for his people. The traditional territory of the Nez Perc stretched from Washington and Oregon past the Bitterroot Mountains of Montana and Idaho. Primary Source: Mississippi Black Code (1865), 15. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Primary Source: Statements of AIDS Patients (1983), 232. Primary Source: George W. Bush on the Post-9/11 World (2002), 245. Primary Source: Andrew Carnegie on The Triumph of America (1885), 50. Joseph organized the surviving women, children, and elderly men while the warriors regrouped under Hototo, who had friends among the Crow in Montana and Wyoming. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? 1. Primary Source: Jimmy Carter, Crisis of Confidence (1979), 223. WebJoseph delivered the speech on October 5, 1877, after the Battle of the Bear Paw Mountains. This a short activity designed to further introduce the ideas of diction to your crew :) It asks the students to look at two surrender speeches from Chief Joseph and Black Hawk. <> Primary Source: The Omaha Platform of the Peoples Party (1892), 66. L[ ;oT82 He who led on the young men is dead. Although he had deplored war, Joseph cast his lot with the war leaders. Chief Joseph argues that Lawyer had no authority to sell his land because it belonged to the people. Volume I (Washington: Government Printing Office 1877), 630; Joseph, An Indians View of Indian Affairs, The North American Review. <> Watergate: Nixons Domestic Nightmare, 210. In 1873, a federal order mandated the removal of white settlers and let his people remain in the Wallowa Valley. In 1879, Chief Joseph was invited to Washington D.C. WebTwo Statements by Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce (1877 and 1879) The lands of the Nez Perce stretched from Oregon to Idaho, but after the Gold Rush, in the 1860s, the federal government seized millions of acres of their lands, crowding them The video is not included in this activity. Martin Luther King's Montgomery Boycott Speech - using persuasive appeals, repetition, and parallelism)2. Over the following three months, the band of about 700 souls, of which fewer than 200 were warriors encumbered by what goods they could carry and hundreds of horses fought 2,000 U.S. soldiers and Indian auxiliaries in four major battles and numerous skirmishes. Chief Joseph Surrender Speech Analysis and Writing Activity, Digital Distance Learning & PrintSpeech Analysis, Social Studies Speeches, American History Speeches, English Speech Analysis This would be great for your English or Social Studies Classroom. Words do not pay for my dead people. We only ask an even chance to live as other men live. WebIn 1879, Chief Joseph visited Washington, D.C., to plead his tribes case to U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, but it was not until 1885 that Joseph and the other refugees were Test. xZmo^a]67!&jr{]`uF)G_Y? {8Zg$I]}sv%~`,^/ |i JF,>08tc-NS8\!=|/vKuQJr!vyi9#py@5>pWxb 4\_H@@zs>j1]`3*i`Z[C{nnzJ;aG.M1!zad]\G1oq. A branch of the Nez Perc tribe, from the Pacific Northwest, refused to be moved to a reservation and attempted to flee to Canada but were pursued by the U.S. Cavalry, attacked, and forced to return. <> Every family suffered the loss of at least one member. Included is a worksheet for kids to fill out as they watch the video and a map activity that helps them to understand the Nez Perce experience. What he told me before, I have it in my heart. Primary Source Videos: Propaganda Cartoons, 161. Primary Source: Statement by John Kerry of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (1971), 215. Web6.2: Primary Source- Chief Joseph on Indian Affairs (1877, 1879) A branch of the Nez Perc tribe, from the Pacific Northwest, refused to be moved to a reservation and attempted to flee to Canada but were pursued by the U.S. Cavalry, attacked, and forced to return. Primary Source: Joseph McCarthy on Communism (1950), 181. The little children are freezing to death. Want to create or adapt books like this? When Chief Joseph and his band of Nez Perce said they would not leave, the government came to remove them. This document was downloaded from Lit2Go, a free online collection of stories and poems in Mp3 (audiobook) format published by the Florida Center for Instructional Technology. Reared as a traditional Nez Perc child, Hinmahtoo-yahlatkekht (young Joseph) and his brothers and sisters flourished in their father's village, In-nan-toe-e-in. The Civil Rights Movement Marches On, 193. He does not feel as though they are being treated equally. An answer to this question is provided by one of our experts who specializes in history. \ wL%/ijl5Yi<3W(fFbeh}oE"4dyyJCG; Z9uB> fe+6[FdfC %$mI;^b8dw1$k]Jj_oR# Web1879 ----- In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat (Chief Joseph) was invited to Washington D.C. Winter had come, and the Nez Perc were suffering from freezing weather, lack of food, Published in North American Review,Vol. Primary Source: Nixon Announcement of China Visit (1971), 216. On January 14 he gave a speech to Congress and cabinet members. The American government is pushing them to live in the places they Primary Source: Hiram Evans on the The Klans Fight for Americanism (1926), 127. However, the more Spalding tried to mold the Nez Perc into the white mans image, the more they resisted. In a brave covering firefight, 60 Nez Perc sharpshooters held off the soldiers while Joseph led survivors out of danger. By the end of the battle, 30 Nez Perc warriors lay dead. However I completely agree with you on how he was "speaking" to the white men. "Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence" - a short story about Aboriginal children in Australia (called, Are you trying harder to amplify Native voices in your classroom? Check it out!SUMMARY:"I Will Fight No More Forever" is the name given to the, This Chief Joseph's "I Will Fight No More Forever" [LESSON ACTIVITIES] Product provides students a chance experience Chief Joseph's life-saving speech. 1097, Nicosia, Cyprus. A surprise attack by the 7th Infantry on the Nez Perc Big Hole River camp on August 9, left about 100, dead, most of them women and children. Cheif Josephs Speech. Presidents of the United States of America. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many of them I can find. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 792 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> I am glad I came [to Washington D.C.]. This encourages insightful responses from this canonized work. 1879 Speech to Congress: Chief Joseph Flashcards Ewan Tanner 7 July 2022 6 test answers Unlock all answers in this set Unlock answers 6 question Why did the <> Copyright 2006-2023 Academic.Tips website is operated by Grand Dominie Limited. When Joseph was a child, the population of his band numbered in the hundreds. Progressivism at the Grassroots Level, 70. After they began their illustrious journey, they made their way through the mountainous terrain of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The chiefs selected Looking Glass to be the war chief and trail boss, whose responsibility was to defend and guide the people as they traveled. I have shaken hands with a good many They fought with a highly honed and almost precise military skill, using advance and rear guards, skirmish lines, and field defenses." It is a direct and eloquent plea delivered in Washington for the equal treatment of all Native Americans. endobj In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat has spoken for his people. Many Nez Perc stayed away and few converted to Christianity, owing to the Spaldings parochial viewpoint and failure to understand Nez Perc customs and religion. Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I A Woman" speech for Black women's rights and equality - includes an EdPuzzle video with the speech and analysis of the written persuasion.3. Download. Primary Source: Lyndon Johnson, Howard University Commencement Address (1965), 200. 26 0 obj What was Chief Joseph speech of 1877 about? Our academic experts can create. Therefore, they pressed on. The 1855 Walla-Walla Treaty called for the Nez Perc to sell a great deal of their lands to the government. We shall be all alike brothers of one father and mother, with one sky above us and one country around us and one government for all. Good words do not give me back my children. The Nez Perc culture permitted outsiders to marry into a different band, which formed a strong relationship with the new band or its leader. They cannot tell me. From where the sun now standsI will fight no more forever. Primary Source: Herbert Hoover, Principles and Ideals of the United States Government (1928), 133. Chief Joseph, who gained fame during the Primary Source: The Gospel of Wealth, 1889, 52. For this time the Indian race is waiting and praying. q$D\j6-k-a3=jEHncg*gzT2X5o=jo;,53# `Lo&*P3"F#S:$;&{;4=QH?Yd@YEmJhKP[Cq}Y8vNa;RdeT"%G2&./Eae,}l+=efuni5*VXxu)oO u y{j[%t*R 5.BI!||i2C \dHqH <> WebOneHistory.org: Speeches: home about us contact us visual history reading history multicultural quizzes teacher feature index. I completely agree with what you said about the main point of Chief Joseph's speech was to convince everyone that the white men had absolutely no right to take away their land. WebChief Joseph Speaks (1877-1879) Selected statements and speeches by the Nez Perc leader. 20 0 obj His elder brother, Sousouquee, his younger brother, Ollokot, and his sisters were dear to Joseph. They arrived at Tolo Lake and rested. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. 22 0 obj <> Primary Source: Alan Seeger on World War I (1914; 1916), 110. Video: George HW Bush and the End of the Cold War, 226. He explains about all the stuff done to his people and how A chase ensued and the Nez Perce were nearly to Canada before they surrendered. TPT empowers educators to teach at their best. May 31, 2022. https://academic.tips/question/what-was-chief-joseph-speech-of-1877-about/. WebCHIEF JOSEPH 2020 Just click the link on our page @4allmyrelations or go to ww" All My Relations on Instagram: "NEW RELEASE!!!!! Jimmy Carter in the Aftermath of the Storm, 211. 4 0 obj There need be no trouble. What was it known for? Below is an excerpt from his speech. <> Time Periods: 19th Century, Industrial Revolution: 1877 - 1899. I have heard talk and talk but nothing is done. You also brought up good point on the historical significance of the article. The Nez Perces were a very patient and courageous people who tried to avoid bloodshed and maintain the land of their ancestors. Birth and childhood I have shaken hands with a good many friends, but there are some things I want to know which no one seems able to explain. Introduction to the Progressive Movement, 67. I think that this TA was extremely well written. WebGood Words: Chief Joseph and the Production of Indian Speech(es), Texts, and Subjects. endobj Nez Perce, Joseph of the. Primary Source Media: The Great Depression, 135. WebSpirit Chief. Primary Source: Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Lynch Law in America (1900), 53. %PDF-1.5 <> 8 z=z%4/F-C7'8 A:P@=:Pq-qc Speech analysis - students find examples of and explain the emphasis created by using emotional, lo, This Chief Joseph's "I Will Fight No More Forever" TEXT provides students a chance experience Chief Joseph's life-saving speech. {HH"y3dHZJJ7o3yTD,obi2_|Z^vCP~\^0Tf=^|")!JN|!n}J3ynT?\&[md*`+6 edy7yrh]}`,2!UrBHJ }])J*-dZ]bRN'*O"vTDI@NzNEC g$ylM0G-S.aY~lV0.B]hS'_8cw|Kclk[G,p-+QUL Q Primary Source: Herbert Hoover on the New Deal (1932), 145. WebNez Perce, Joseph of the. Josephs father was one of the first to show interest in Christianity, introduced by missionaries. He also made a clear logic to defend his society by saying that they befriended the first white settlers, and even traded with them.They never broke their promises to the white people. The Lapwai Treaty. Primary Source: Eisenhower's Farewell (1961), 197. He was a member of the Wallamotkin, or Wallowa Band of the Nez Perc. I have shaken hands with a good many friends, but there Treat all men alike. They do not pay for my horses and cattle. Civil Rights and Conflict in the United States: Selected Speeches (Lit2Go Edition). Primary Source: Chester A. Arthur on American Indian Policy (1881), 29. I cannot understand why so many chiefs are allowed to talk so many different ways, and promise so many different things. Give them the same laws. Thinking that the Crow Tribe would give them aid, the survivors crossed Horse Prairie and Bannock Pass and reentered Idaho, turning east toward Yellowstone National Park. 5 0 obj Hear me, my chiefs. Primary Source: Barbara Jordan, 1976 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address (1976), 217. They understood their plight and decided to head north out of the area. WebIn 1878, Joseph began his 26 year effort to improve the conditions of his people. He was given the name Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, or Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain. His people knew him as In-mut-too-yah-lat-lat, Thunder coming up over the land from the water. His father, Tuekakas, also known as Old Joseph, was a Cayuse-Umatilla-Nez Perc; his mother was a Nez Perc woman by the name of Khap-khap-on-imi, or Strong leader of women. <> What was Chief Joseph speech of 1877 about? 5z;*bc{Tph&`{.w[Dm#p~U aUiT*|,kOymV'v1GaisXN\2BrCyY"bP(H8H~Uj!MhPUx>zFN6K9Ve/tV89La b*;y2"}y2SA-3vMnjU*LEc:1;td)esHs,g?)TlugF9QMDyVl4[/U Lds5 Lh l`HFC eGxx 3 0 obj "What was Chief Joseph speech of 1877 about?" Roosevelts Big Stick Foreign Policy, 92. Video: Growth, Cities, and Immigration, 46. Assignment: Perspectives on the Great Depression and the New Deal, 144. bT 'i5 I am glad I came. Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other then we shall have no more wars. The following is a transcript of Chief Josephs surrender, as recorded by Lieutenant Wood, Twenty-first Infantry, acting aide-de-camp and acting adjutant-general to General Oliver O. Howard, in 1877. Integrate American History content with your reading texts and meet each reader's needs with this set. stream This growing bundle of rigorous lesson plans for Indigenous literature will meet the standards for TEKS, Common Core, and social studies and engage your students.What's included?Rhetorical Analysis Practice - Ruth Muskrat BronsonRhetorical Analysis: Chief Joseph's Letter to President HayesGeronimo & Red Cloud Final Speeches Compare-ContrastIndigenous Photo AnalysisMore to come! 6 cloze sheets interactively present the full text of selected statements and speeches by Chief Joseph. endobj He made the following report. May 31, 2022. https://academic.tips/question/what-was-chief-joseph-speech-of-1877-about/. Building Industrial America on the Backs of Labor, 38. This growing bundle will eventually include Nativ. Chief Josephs father, who was the chief at that time, refused to sign the treaty because he believed that all men were free and no man could own part of the earth. Primary Source: Charlotte Forten Teaches Freed Children in South Carolina (1864), 13. Pre-made digital activities. NEXT, find TEXT EVIDENCE from Chief Josephs speech to support your answer.^^^^^3. I am tired of talk that comes to nothing. endobj endobj Primary Source: Chief Joseph on Indian Affairs (1877, 1879), 28. I have seen the Great Father Chief [President Hayes]; the Next Great Chief [Secretary of the Interior]; the Commissioner Chief [Commissioner of Indian Affairs]; the Law Chief [General Butler]; and many other law chiefs [Congressmen] and they all say they are my friends, and that I shall have justice, but while all their mouths talk right I do not understand why nothing is done for my people. He surrendered with the understanding that he would be able to return to his homeland. I am glad I came. By now, the Nez Perc refugees consisted of 200 men and approximately 550 women and children. Chief Joseph is trying to explain to a white audience the reason why his people chose to fight against the white man. Primary Source Images: American Empire, 93. Once in Crow country, the Nez Percs' hopes of living among their buffalo-hunting friends were shattered when the Crow denied help, fearing the U.S. Army would turn against them as well. They do not pay for my country now overrun by white men. If a white man breaks the law, punish him also. Words! Let me be a free man, free to travel, free to stop, free to work, free to trade where I choose, free to choose my own teachers, free to follow the religion of my fathers, free to talk, think and act for myself and I will obey every law or submit to the penalty. endobj Twenty-five years after fighting his reluctant war with the United States, Chief Joseph was still in exile, longing to return to his beloved Wallowa Valley in eastern Oregon. In his last years, Joseph spoke eloquently against the injustice of United States policy toward his people and held out hope that Americas promise of freedom and equality Primary Source: Woodrow Wilson on the New Freedom (1912), 82. Words! `8,Es||Ae;cc n+8&bw-datvP4i3 Q-"7? 10th - 12th Graders will love this short work; you will love this BUNDLE. Check it out!SUMMARY:"I Will Fight No More Forever" is the name given to the speech made by Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce on October 5, 1877, when the Nez Perce were forced to surrender to Colonel Nelson Miles and General O. O. Howard after the Battle of the Be, This Chief Joseph's "I Will Fight No More Forever" [BUNDLE] Product provides students a chance experience Chief Joseph's life-saving speech. Primary Source: Woody Guthrie, This Land (1940-1945), 183. There has been too much talking by men who had no right to talk. Even as the combined bands of non-treaty Nez Perc led by Joseph made their way to the Lapwai Indian reservation in Idaho, they were attacked by Howards troops. Turner, Mahan, and the Roots of Empire, 85. He made the following report. 128, Issue 269, pp. The Nez Perc outmaneuvered and frustrated the efforts of General Howard to capture them. <> cz~Cm(e-[P4CZ;v;GmlT[xm0WeL[#8,aO4 ZE^Di%_v Bylpm|k%36,o:jnlmlmc5sjMQ/pnDcM0g}T}i.eMe?-t^3t_!]amL#9MN?a=WK5QQ/D aKTm&x!'/oLc. Eight years later, a chief named Lawyer sold nearly all the Nez Perce land at a treaty council without consulting his fellow tribesmen.

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