methods are basically the same as those in the Tibetan agricultural areas. The Luba are savanna and forest dwellers who practice hunting, food gathering, and agriculture (cassava, corn [maize]), keep small livestock, and live in villages of a single street, with rectangular thatched-roof huts along either side. It is a stark landscape, where nature has wrought some stunning mud sculptures in vivid colours. This is done because the Loba believe that there is less chance of a woman becoming a widow if she has many husbands. labor, especially in festivals, religious ceremonies and other collective ), Anthropology and Sociology of Nepal: Cultures, Societies, Ecology and Development (pp. Some Lamas, who moved out from the Gomba, run private boarding schools with the support of local and foreign well-wishers. The Last King of Mustang, the 21st descendant of King Ame Pal1440 (Dhungel 2002), died in 2016. After a few hours, we reached Kagbeni, one of the bigger villages in Upper Mustang, at a height of 2,810 m. It is home to 1,600 people living in 229 households. The Loba livelihood includes agriculture, livestock management, trade/seasonal, tourism, and labor migration. Nevertheless, the institutions are working hard to continue their existence by frequently modifying their rules and norms. Nepal-Tibet relation 18501930: Years of hopes, challenges and frustrations. Loba song, dance and music have the most Indigenous knowledge-based systems of farm, labor, and resource management, accompanied by changes in food preference (food value) and linking agriculture with spiritual practice, followed by occupational modernization and migration, are a high priority in the adaptation process (Khatri & Pandey 2021) that the Lobas have demonstrated through their indigenous institutions. In the festivals of the Loba people, After all, all that remains unconnected is just a stretch of 50-odd kilometres between the Tibetan border and Jomsom. Lobas have started using the threshing machine for crop harvest and tractors and trucks to deliver fuel, food, and bring local products to the market. Abadani, the ancestor of the Loba people, of mankind. However, the condition of polyandry is dying out at present. This paper investigates how different institutions of Loba communities of the Upper Mustang work together and facilitate the community to cope with the environmental dynamics in the region. The living customs of the Loba people are Sociological and Anthropological Society of Nepal (SASON). It is also impossibly windy, and unless you are careful, the vicious wind could knock you off your feet. But we pressed on to Lo Manthang. When we were finally dropped off at Jomsom, our bodies felt like sacks of dislocated bones. The Lobas live in Upper Mustang, which is remotely located, highly dynamic, full of environmental diversity, and consists of specific niches to the people (Khattri 2021). This town, with a resident population of around 15,000, has a single high street that runs its entire length, a few hotels and the odd shop or two, all watched over by the magnificent Nilgiri and Dhaulagiri peaks. Indigenous irrigation management system is as old as the agriculture system that began in Lo-manthang. Furthermore, external financial dependency is recognized as a sign of threats to the collapse of Gomba in Lo-manthang. The area became restricted to foreigners for centuries and opened for controlled tourism only after 1992. The occupational groups include the Ghara (smith), the Shemba (butcher), the Chemba (leather worker), the Nepa (leather processer), the Samjuwa or the Sumbra (tailor), and the Emeta (musician). In the present day, Lobas have introduced monogamy and the family planning system to control the population, which has challenged the traditional lifestyle on the one hand, and on the other, the population of Lamas and Aanis is decreasing sharply at Gombas. AboutPressCopyrightContact. Because of Road networks have linked them to the market, which supplies required materials at a lower price and through easier ways than producing those consumables locally. Chuksang village (2,965 m) en route was ripe with apples, plums and apricots. The Loba nationality mainly distributes At that time, the workers received good food while at work and also received normal wages of NRs. There are no competing interests in this manuscript. Reoffenders are executed. Lama Phunchok said: The fluttering prayer flags (lungta) are a piece of cotton cloth squared in size, with five colors: white, blue, yellow, green, and red. The Loba produces only a single crop in a year, and the tenure of the village head, hence, also becomes one agriculture cycle. Privacy The dhongba is an important institution of Loba that maintains succession and inheritance and manages all ancestral properties. Uprety, Prem Raman. The Loba celebrate four major religious festivals: Gine, Gensu, Gelung, and Nayuene. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. They are absentee landlords who cannot cultivate their lands but want to retain their land under their ownership. On our early morning walk through this street, we spotted Dhaulagiri Boarding School and an attached hostel where girls were getting ready for school. Loba culture # [ Loba Pakistan weaving] Lhoba weaving and Luoba bamboo, Luoba knife dance with the Tibet Autonomous Region intangible cultural heritage proje. Young Lobas are attracted to the modern knowledge system and go to high-earning countries, which is a big challenge to maintain the indigenous knowledge system and the cultural identity of the Loba. Article The sun, which just the other day was seductively golden over the Annapurna, was blindingly silver and hot, as if out to burn everything in sight. Rapid cultural change: a case study of polyandry Marriage system among the Gurung Community from Upper Mustang, Nepal. On our way back, we visit it and the shrine of Muktinath. It symbolizes knowledge and virtue among individuals and family members. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. The Loba community sustained their livelihoods through the adoption of agriculture and livestock system, as well as the salt, and grain trade. They believe that eternity exists in the light, which is achieved after offering it to God. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. The Loba live in a kingdom that was founded by a fierce soldier under the oppression of feudal lords. One tradition says that the eldest son will inherit the family's property. Those people who have traveled outside of Lo-manthang for work, study, or business and have already earned a good amount of money can contribute to rituals. For example, Chhetri (2008) studied irrigation and highlighted the ghembas role; Craig (2011) highlighted the Loba migration to the USA; Darnal (2001) focused on tangible heritages while Dhungel (2002) focused on the history of Lo Kingdom. Climate change impacts and adaptation response: A study of Trans-Himalaya (Upper Mustang), Nepal. Conference Proceedings 2016: The Annual Kathmandu Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya. 3000 years of agriculture in a valley of the high Himalayas. So here we were going round and round the mountain trails of dust and sand, often losing sight of the Manang range and the Nilgiri, which were our markers. The singing music of Daxian opera belongs. 2006. The village workers function as watchmen, look after public taps, including whether people use them for washing clothes, as the rules prohibit them from doing so. Ostrom, Elinor. The paper is based on anthropological fieldwork. Besides, we also had, in a moment of recklessness, included in our itinerary Upper Mustang, one of the two Tibetan provinces in Nepal, which stretched our trek to an insane 24 days: insane because none of us were habitual trekkers even if we were reasonably fit. Central Bureau of Statistics. John Legend Challenges Young Voters to Make 2024 Election History at Global Citizen Now "I've always cared deeply about the world we are building for our children," the musician said at the 2023 . Springer Nature. nationality has successfully declared the national intangible cultural heritage The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. The theory of r kinship, descent and status in a Tibetan society. Their leadership is selected from each household of the Phalwa (Gurung) community on the basis of turn system. Only 2,000 permits are issued every year, and most of them during the Tiji festival in May. Ojha, Durga Prasad. Very basic agriculture to supplement hunting was practiced. We stopped for a bite at the Yak Donalds restaurant. Lately, tourism became a significant source of income for Lhoba people. The technology used to build irrigation canals is gravity flow supported by walls of stones, wood, and soil. Being younger, he could not visualise how exhausting it might be for three senior women to go on tramping for 24 days. 3 and described in the following section. They were not allowed to leave their area without permission and were not allowed to marry Tibetans. For Loba ru-shya, marriage relation is perfectly desired, similar to many Himalayan indigenous ethnic communities (Godlstein 1971; Levine 1981; Vinding 1979), including Magar, Gurung, Thakali. The annual ranking is based on anonymous employee ratings . The King, as an institution, has played a crucial role in establishing, protecting, and promoting Tibetan Buddhism, especially the Sakyapa sect in the Lo Kingdom. - Evangelicals have a significant presence. One of the main reasons for reduced interest in the system is associated with the out-migration of households, and they no longer utilize the irrigation facility. We were wrapped up like a mummy in a tomb, and yet grit got into our eyes and mouth and blocked our nostrils too. Joshua Project makes every effort to ensure that the subject in an image is in fact from the specific people group. A cell culture media or growth media is a solid, liquid, or semisolid media that is made up of various contents and nutrients to stimulate the growth, propagation, maintenance, and storage of . Nevertheless, they are categorized as the Kutak (Bistas), the Phalwas (the Gurung), the Drokpa (nomadic pastoralists); and the Ghara (occupational groups) based on their blood relation, power position, and occupation. Whichever direction you turned, there was nothing but cobalt blue skies. The major changes observed during this period and their implications in the life of Loba Community of Upper Mustang are briefly discussed below: The analysis of meteorological data shows the rise of temperature and decrease in rainfall in the Upper Mustang (Khattri 2021; Khattri & Pandey 2021). A PhD Dissertation Submitted to Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. Central Bureau of Statistics. The region and culture In Upper Mustang the Tibetan culture, religion and traditions are believed to be at their purest, harking back to a Tibet before the Chinese occupation in 1951. 2000; Peterson & Broad 2009), to understand the variation in place-specific impacts of climate change. This turn system is unique to the Lobas and can be considered a primary democratic mechanism, which is instrumental to governing the people of Upper Mustang, particularly in Lo-manthang. Other airlines that used to fly to Jomsom diverted their services to the Everest sector owing to increased traffic there. Loba culture # [ Loba Pakistan weaving] Lhoba weaving and Luoba bamboo, Luoba knife dance with the Tibet Autonomous Region intangible cultural heritage projects. However, Loba people have been adapting to new and heavier conditions by hiring paid laborers supplied from outside. These studies have been carried out from historical, religious and economic perspectives. The second name will be the name they received from their parents at birth. Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, T.U., Nepal. 2015). Now Gomba has started enrollment of novices from other regions of Nepal. Gongbu area (Milin County, Linzhi County, Gongbu Jiangda County). 2008. In Climate cultures: Anthropological perspectives on climate change, ed. Uphoff, Norman, and Buck Louise. District Development Committee, Mustang. Although informal, the King still has some power, recognized by Loba communities, to modify individuals or households fine fixed by the ghenba system. The fieldwork in Lo-manthang, Upper Mustang started in 2012, but regular interviews and observations were conducted in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2023 respectively. The Luba, also known as Baluba, is the largest group of Bantu Community that lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The turn system is widely followed in different spheres of Loba life. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. The result is that Gomba was compelled to modify their existing rules to make people more obliged to support Gomba, particularly the operation of agricultural activities in the land plots owned by Gomba. We also crossed a lone chorten, evocative of the isolation of this wind-swept high-altitude plateau, and a stunning Mani wall. The Lamas who live at Gomba get support, food, and other things, from the American Himalayan Foundation. Dhongba is similar to western Tibetan regions, which maintain ancestral property system, socio-cultural systems, and prepares household members to participate in political and religious affairs (Goldstein 1971). Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Mule trains were bringing in provisions needed to cater to tourists and household goods all the way from Pokhara, as they might have brought in tea, salt, silks and precious gems in the past. Their number varies, such as there are one ghenba, two midhis, and six chhimes, which is more or less similar to the formal governance council at the local unit. "Now we only have 52. Living in one of the most mountainous region and being one of the most isolated human group in the world also do not help. Rules of society are based on the values of respect and honor. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Climate and Development 7 (3): 235245. Aani Gomba was found in Thinger, Tsarang, and Lo-manthang in the past. People can The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. Fifty-three households were the makhiu, i.e., the Kings soldiers. times, the Loba people have lived in the foothills of the Himalayas. Chhetri, and K.P. Evangelicals = 2% Professing Christians > 5% and = 50% 3 Superficially reached- Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. The introduction of tourism after the 1950s partially in the region and openning to outsiders after the 1990s also contributed to understanding the value of their cultural and natural heritages (Tulachan 2003). 2001. By using this website, you agree to our The Lo King and his officials sponsored to arrange religious councils between 14721475, where over nine hundred monks attended the meetings (Dhungel 2002). Nowadays, another challenge emerged that many people are willing to pay money instead of playing the role of chhime. Polyandrous brothers share a wife by turn, as managed by the wife. Yibin City is located in the south of Sichuan Province, at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, and the confluence zone of Jinsha River, Minjiang River and Yangtze River. Lo is home to three beautiful gompas with exquisite murals, Choede, Jhampa and Thubchen, all in various states of disrepair. The denizens of Lo Manthang are true custodians of a vanishing culture and way of life. Social-ecological vulnerability to climate change in the Nepali Himalaya. The prospect of bouncing about again in a bus bound for Jomsom for 12 to 15 hours stared us in the face. The autonomous institutions of Loba have been playing a crucial role in framing compulsory obligations, ensuring access to and control over valuable local resources through a system of reme ghapkin, a democratic system of turn, which is based on community rules. Accessed from: https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193. In the past, Loba had a practice of bhogmo which means a half-share of the production to be given to Gomba as the rent for cultivating the land. Yaks were being herded to pasture, monks were hurrying about on their daily rounds, women were collecting firewood and storing it for the winter, men were busy with harvests and tourists were clicking away at everything in sight. Despite the harsh surroundings, villages in Upper Mustang seemed like veritable oases. Their hierarchy is not based on untouchability and lacks a higher level of exclusion, even in private spheres. This was to be the easiest part of the Mustang trek. New situations such as changes in political, economic, and environmental contexts, have led the Loba people to some troubles in continuing the ghenba system. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. I was the first to announce that I would much rather go back to Pokhara and fly to Jomsom to commence the Upper Mustang trek from there than continue on this treacherous high-altitude trail all the way to Lo Manthang.
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