And the earth shook, and the rocks were split. At the dedication of the Temple, Solomon had 22,000 oxen and 120,000 sheep sacrificed - that's a LOT of blood to drain! The animal was sacrificed and the blood was carried into the most holy place. For they did not continue in my covenant, and so I showed no concern for them, declares the Lord. He entered the inner sanctuary with a censer of burning incense, which would produce thick smoke, hiding the mercy seat on the ark where God was. The Greek phrase refers to the Tabernacle or Temple. It is called the Holy Place. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The Bible itself describes an ash-cleansing ceremony (Lev Chapter 6). ), (It's not completely clear to me whether this was a mere wiping or the application of whitewash, though it seems to have been the former. Illustration of the Holy of Holies from the 1890 Holman Bible. RSS feed for comments on this post. Thus he shall make atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleannesses of the people of Israel and because of their transgressions, all their sins. In Solomon's Temple the Holy of Holies formed a part of the house of Yhwh (I Kings vi. US-Others. However, Jesus sacrificial death on the cross changed that. How big was the curtain for the Holy of Holies? This form is also used more broadly in Catholic tradition with reference to sanctuaries other than the Temple in Jerusalem. Why was the veil torn in half when Jesus died? A brocade curtain (Hebrew: parochet), made with cherubim motifs woven directly into the fabric from the loom, divided the Holy of Holies from the lesser Holy place. Z. [10] The Holy of Holies was located in the westernmost end of the Temple building, being a perfect cube: 20 cubits by 20 cubits by 20 cubits. There are often three entry points, symbolising the Holy Trinity. And you shall hang the veil from the clasps, and bring the ark of the testimony in there within the veil. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Q Read: What Was the Mishkan? Take Me In (to the Holy of Holies), by Catherine Mullins (saveable-to-playlist version) Adrian Frank 2.96K subscribers Subscribe 777K views 2 years ago Worship Jesus Christ, Yeshua HaMashiach,. For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, and that he appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve. He is the author "Hope for Hurting Singles: A Christian Guide to Overcoming Life's Challenges.". The Holy of Holies (Kodesh HaKodashim in Hebrew), as its name implies, was the most sacred part of the entire Temple.Entry was forbidden except on Yom Kippur, when the high priest entered the inner sanctuary.. Its dimensions were 20 cubits long, 20 cubits wide and 40 cubits high. These poles were ten cubits long, and . And he said to me, This is the Most Holy Place.. T Second, the book of Hebrews is also clear as to what the "holy place" He entered into was, for while the OT priest entered into two "holy places" (since access to the most holy place where the mercy seat resided was only by passing through the holy place where the table, lampstand, etc. Did the high priest have a rope tied to him when he entered the Holy of Holies. The above guidelines apply to all repairs. 5 What was the veil of the Holy of Holies made of? For a tent was prepared, the first section, in which were the lampstand and the table and the bread of the Presence. And you shall put the golden altar for incense before the ark of the testimony, and set up the screen for the door of the tabernacle. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Jesus atoned, once and for all, for humanity's sins, and at the same time became our high priest, acting on our behalf before his Father: No longer does God confine himself to the Holy of Holies, separated from his people. The room known as the Holy of Holies was the innermost and most sacred area of the ancient tabernacle of Moses and temple of Jerusalem. Then the priests brought the ark of the covenant of the Lord to its place in the inner sanctuary of the house, in the Most Holy Place, underneath the wings of the cherubim. G A related term is the debir () transliterated in the Septuagint (the Greek translation as dabir (),[5] which either means the back (i.e. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show to his servants the things that must soon take place. [18] A few Orthodox Jewish authorities, following the opinion of the medieval scholar Maimonides, permit Jews to visit parts of the Temple Mount known not to be anywhere near any of the sanctified areas. Who is to condemn? The Holy of Holies was entered once a year by the High Priest on Yom Kippur, to sprinkle the blood of sacrificial animals (a bull offered as atonement for the Priest and his household, and a goat offered as atonement for the people) and offer incense upon the Ark of the Covenant and the mercy seat that sat on top of the ark in the First Temple (the Second Temple had no ark and the blood was sprinkled where the Ark would have been and the incense was put on the Brazen Altar of incense). In like manner, after offering Himself as a sacrifice for sin and being resurrected from the dead, Jesus ascended into heaven (Acts 1:11) and remains there as our Advocate before God's throne. And they bound him and led him away and delivered him over to Pilate the governor. According to the Hebrew Bible, the Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant with representation of Cherubim. Could a subterranean river or aquifer generate enough continuous momentum to power a waterwheel for the purpose of producing electricity? How does the Motza Temple fit into our tradition? To supplement, not supplant, Cauthon's good answer, I'll note that the mishna (Midos chapter 3) says that the altar and its ramp would be cleaned every Friday with a cloth, because of the blood. Traditional Judaism regards the location where the inner sanctuary was originally located, on the Temple Mount (Mount Moriah), as retaining some or all of its original sanctity for use in a future Third Temple. The High Priest was the only Israelite permitted into the Holy of Holies and then only once a year on the Day of Atonement. The height of one cherub was ten cubits, and so was that of the other cherub. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? And they shall not teach, each one his neighbor and each one his brother, saying, Know the Lord, for they shall all know me, from the least of them to the greatest. This is in keeping with the intention of the Hebrew idiom to express the utmost degree of holiness. It is used by Roman Catholics to refer to holy objects beyond the Holy of Holies, and is specifically often used as an alternative name for a tabernacle, due to the object being a storage chamber for consecrated host and thus where the presence of God is most represented. S What was the purpose of the veil in the Tabernacle? The holy of holies is also called the inner sanctuary. What Paul fails to remind us of is that if we cannot be responsible enough to clean the Holy of Holies; then God will. He entered once for all into the holy places, not by means of the blood of goats and calves but by means of his own blood, thus securing an eternal redemption. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Geocoding The High Priest the Holy of Holies only once a year on the Day of Atonement. (This is Rabi's statement, but the commentaries note that he's explaining and not arguing on the other rabbi in the mishna. This can be found in: Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 14:70-71 and Josephus, The Wars of the Jews 1:152-153. I found the reference. In the Jewish temple, the veil served as the barrier to the Holy of Holies. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Has the Melford Hall manuscript poem "Whoso terms love a fire" been attributed to any poetDonne, Roe, or other? Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/the-holy-of-holies-700111. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Where can I find a clear diagram of the SPECK algorithm? Learn Religions, Dec. 6, 2021, learnreligions.com/the-holy-of-holies-700111. And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father and told his two brothers outside. A thick curtain separated the Holy of Holies from the Holy Place. [26] Because in Hebrews, God commands Moses to make sure that all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the Mount Sinai (Heb 8:2,5). The Holy of Holies (Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans} Qe haqQm or Kodesh HaKodashim; also haDr, 'the Sanctuary') is a term in the Hebrew Bible that refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle, where God's presence appeared. And the Lord said to Moses, Tell Aaron your brother not to come at any time into the Holy Place inside the veil, before the mercy seat that is on the ark, so that he may not die. The red veil covers the inner altar or the main altar. Why did US v. Assange skip the court of appeal? And he shall take from the congregation of the people of Israel two male goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering. C For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins. If any housekeeping were done I am sure that God did it himself. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Deliver me, O Lord, from evil men; preserve me from violent men. Both were made of white linen, woven without a seam. And the veil shall separate for you the Holy Place from the Most Holy. Judaism regards the Torah ark, a place in a synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept, as a miniature Holy of Holies. According to the custom of the priesthood, he was chosen by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. The Holy of Holies is also called the "most holy place" ( Ex. Above the Holy of Holies was a "drop ceiling" consisting of wooden rectangular tiles set into a framework. This is a type of Christ's righteousness and perfect holiness during his entire human life. U Cookies collect information about your preferences and your device and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord: I will put my laws into their minds, and write them on their hearts, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. According to Hebrew tradition, the area was defined by four pillars that held up the veil of the covering, under which the Ark of the Covenant was held above the floor. That he might sanctify her, having cleansed her by the washing of water with the word. But, the invisible hands of God reached down and removed this barrier himself, tearing it from top to bottom. According to the Talmud, the High Priest's face upon exit from the Holy of Holies was radiant. Christ Jesus is the one who diedmore than that, who was raisedwho is at the right hand of God, who indeed is interceding for us. Is there any mention of if and how the temple was cleaned in The Bible, Jewish literature, or elsewhere? I was laid off more than a year ago. First God is permitted in; it is where He lives after all. Sometime during the 10th century BCE, King Solomon built the Temple of Jerusalem, and the Ark was moved to the Temples innermost sanctum, the Holy of Holies (Qodesh Ha-qadashim in Hebrew). According to the Mosaic Law, blood was to be sprinkled on the alters, before the curtains and other places in the temple. This veil formed a barrier between the Glory of God and man. The Holies Of Holies, after all, was intended to be a place that Israel could look at and know that their God was with them. However other repairs were done as outlined above by a "crew" of people that were funded through the Temple repair fund. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? There was no requirement that those entering were priests though they did have to be ritually clean. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Copyright 2002-2023 Got Questions Ministries. I look forward to seeing you around. 1.555.555.555 | info@yourdomain.com When Titus captured the city during the First JewishRoman War, Roman soldiers took down the curtain and used it to wrap therein golden vessels retrieved from the Temple. The workmen were let down in baskets that were covered on three sides so that all they could see was the wall that they were repairing. In Jewish tradition, two curtains separated the Holy of Holies from the lesser Holy place during the period of the Second Temple. Or was it? I also remember that there is an aggadah that talks about workmen being lowered into the Kodesh Kedoshim to repair things. Then I looked, and behold, on the expanse that was over the heads of the cherubim there appeared above them something like a sapphire, in appearance like a throne. He was, in fact, stating that we are to clean the Holy of Holies. There must have been an awful lot of channels, and pretty wide ones. Was Aristarchus the first to propose heliocentrism? (2021, December 6). During the Day of Atonement, the High Priest would place the blood of the sacrifice on top of the Mercy Seat in the Holy of Holies. V You do; or God will. Peli, a belated welcome to Mi Yodeya, and thanks for posting this interesting question! His departure from the Holy of Holies signified to all Israel that his work was finished, his mission was successful, the blood satisfied God, and Israel's sins were covered for another year. You must log in or register to reply here. How thick was the veil in the Holy of Holies? Otherwise, would they not have ceased to be offered, since the worshipers, having once been cleansed, would no longer have any consciousness of sins? Publication date: Apr 23, 2023. But the hour is coming, and is now here, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for the Father is seeking such people to worship him. With all the blood sprinkled on it wouldnt it get smelly? Therefore, brothers, since we have confidence to enter the holy places by the blood of Jesus, by the new and living way that he opened for us through the curtain, that is, through his flesh. The high priest would then sprinkle the blood of a sacrificed bull and a sacrificed goat on the atonement cover of the ark, to make amends for his and the people's sins. It hid a holy God, who dwelt above the mercy seat on the ark of the covenant, from sinful people on the outside. A cognate term in Ge'ez is found in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church: Qidduse Qiddusan, referring to the innermost sanctuary of an Orthodox Christian church, where the Tabot is kept and only clergy may enter. Interpreting non-statistically significant results: Do we have "no evidence" or "insufficient evidence" to reject the null? Traditional Judaism regards the Holy of Holies as the place where the presence of God dwells. Remember the medrash about Titus stabbing the curtain and that it bled. White is the symbolic color of purity, of cleanliness. I Two, fifteen foot tall, cherubim carved from olive wood stood magnificently in this the inner most sanctuary of the Temple. A model of the First Temple, built by King Solomon. No more dusty, old tent, no more moving from here to there; finally there would be a house worthy of their God. By the new and living way that he opened for us through the curtain, that is, through his flesh. Whoever follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of life.. King Solomon ! There was gold everywhere you looked; on the walls, ceiling, and floor. For since the law has but a shadow of the good things to come instead of the true form of these realities, it can never, by the same sacrifices that are continually offered every year, make perfect those who draw near. K "The Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle." What Was the Holy of Holies?. Holy of Holies. The Temple is our bodies; therefore it would not be too much of a stretch to say that the Holy of Holies is located within our bodies (the Temple). Behind the second curtain was a second section called the Most Holy Place, having the golden altar of incense and the ark of the covenant covered on all sides with gold, in which was a golden urn holding the manna, and Aaron's staff that budded, and the tablets of the covenant. 25:8). But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. [3], The location of the Holy of Holies is connected to the location of the Jewish Temple. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. And the veil shall separate for you the Holy Place from the Most Holy. It is not even a relevant question in today's society; after all the Israelites Temple was destroyed in AD 70 and has never been rebuilt. What was the veil of the Holy of Holies made of? L Unless otherwise indicated, all content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. But into the second only the high priest goes, and he but once a year, and not without taking blood, which he offers for himself and for the unintentional sins of the people. You are not your own. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. For her hair is given to her for a covering. The Holy of Holies was the inner sanctuary within the Tabernacle and Temple in Jerusalem when Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple were standing. Comparable to: It is a religious duty, however, that the priests should do it. The Lord spoke to Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they drew near before the Lord and died, and the Lord said to Moses, Tell Aaron your brother not to come at any time into the Holy Place inside the veil, before the mercy seat that is on the ark, so that he may not die. R The Holy of Holies was entered once a year by the High Priest on Yom Kippur, to sprinkle the blood of sacrificial animals (a bull offered as atonement for the Priest and his household, and a goat offered as atonement for the people) and offer incense upon the Ark of the Covenant and the mercy seat that sat on top of the ark in the First Temple 26:31-32; 40:21), made of woven linen with cherubim on it, separated the holy of holies from the holy place. [19], According to the ancient apocryphal Lives of the Prophets, after the death of Zechariah ben Jehoiada, the priests of the Temple could no more, as before, see the apparitions of the angels of the Lord, nor could make divinations with the Ephod, nor give responses from the Debir.[20]. In order to be considered for publication, questions must be on-topic, polite, and address ideas rather than Since then we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus, the Son of God, let us hold fast our confession. For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. But if a woman has long hair, it is her glory? Behind the second curtain was a second section called the Most Holy Place, having the golden altar of incense and the ark of the covenant covered on all sides with gold, in which was a golden urn holding the manna, and Aaron's staff that budded, and the tablets of the covenant. Before you ask, no, the High Priest didn't do the cleaning. [4] Most Orthodox Jews today completely avoid climbing up to Temple Mount, to prevent them from accidentally stepping on any holy areas. For Starship, using B9 and later, how will separation work if the Hydrualic Power Units are no longer needed for the TVC System? And you shall bring in the table and arrange it, and you shall bring in the lampstand and set up its lamps. The Holy of Holies was constructed as a perfect cube. And I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God the Almighty and the Lamb. He made it known by sending his angel to his servant John. And so he shall do for the tent of meeting, which dwells with them in the midst of their uncleannesses. The Latin Vulgate Bible translates Qe HaqQm as Sanctum sanctorum (Ex 26:34). It shall be made with cherubim skillfully worked into it. Some Christian churches, particularly the Catholic Church, consider the Church tabernacle, or its location (often at the rear of the sanctuary), as the symbolic equivalent of the Holy of Holies, due to the storage of consecrated hosts in that vessel. 3. Regular priests were allowed in the outer holy place, but the Holy of Holies could be entered only by the high priest on the annual Day of Atonement, or Yom Kippur. 3, 2: "white marble"), and was divided into two sections by a partition of cedar-wood with a door covered by a costly curtain . Behind the second curtain was a second section called the Most Holy Place. Rendering it as "Most Holy Place" (as the KJV does) may not preserve its full meaning. In the Authorized King James Version, "Holy of Holies" is always translated as "Most Holy Place". Now even the first covenant had regulations for worship and an earthly place of holiness. [27], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Solomonic Debir according to the Hebrew Text of I Kings 6 J. Ouellette -, The Damaged "blueprints" of the Temple of Solomon. Zavada, Jack. There are three main theories as to where exactly the Temple stood on the Mount: where the Dome of the Rock is now located; to the north of the Dome of the Rock (Professor Asher Kaufman); or to the east of the Dome of the Rock (Professor Joseph Patrich of the Hebrew University). For the bodies of those animals whose blood is brought into the holy places by the high priest as a sacrifice for sin are burned outside the camp. During the Siege of Jerusalem in 63BCE, the Roman general Pompey after defeating Jewish resistance and took control of the temple, entered the Kadosh hakodashim (holy of holies). N P Rather, speaking the truth in love, we are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, into Christ, from whom the whole body, joined and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it builds itself up in love. [13] When Titus captured the city during the First JewishRoman War, Roman soldiers took down the curtain and used it to wrap therein golden vessels retrieved from the Temple. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? I urge you to read it. And, potentially, dead High Priests. When Jesus died, the veil in the temple was torn from top to bottom, signifying that the barrier between God and his people was taken away. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What Is the Day of Atonement in the Bible? On Jesus' death, the first Holy of Holies, or God's throne in heaven, became accessible to every believer. What was the significance of the temple veil being torn in two when Jesus died? (I don't know how good various methods are at it.). No they haven't; Jerusalem is the Holy city, to build anywhere else would not work. This curtain, known as the veil, was made of fine linen and blue, purple and scarlet yarn. And you shall make a veil of blue and purple and scarlet yarns and fine twined linen. The doorposts of the nave were squared, and in front of the Holy Place was something resembling. In the middle, there is always an altar where the church's Tabot is kept. When the Temple was rebuilt after the Babylonian captivity, the Ark was no longer present in the Holy of Holies; instead, a portion of the floor was raised slightly to indicate the place where it had stood. The repairs for the temple were funded through a repair fund. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Christ will come and bless his people after cleaning the Holy of Holies in heaven (Heb 9:23). And so, dear brothers, now we may walk right into the very Holy of Holies, where God is, because of the blood of Jesus. This glorious, beautifully adorned room meant to house the living; loving, accessible God of Israel was fearfully hidden behind a thick curtain never to be seen by Jewish eyes again. This is also called the "Bete Mekdes. For if that first covenant had been faultless, there would have been no occasion to look for a second. I re-posted this in another forum (GT). Today is Divine Mercy Sunday, Augustine explains why we worship today, "Lord of the Upper Egypt" Set & the God of Joseph, Exploring some little-known sites in the Holy Land where the flow of blood ceased, boating in Galilee, the house of the Holy Family, and fish, 4 little-known sites you can visit in the Holy Land: the stone of the hemorrhaging woman, the home of Peter and Andrew, traces of Capernaums Roman. The main ritual of the Saint Thomas Christians is the Qurbana.[24]. OpenBible.info The Bible tells us that the Holy of Holies was located in the Temple in Jerusalem, but the Temple was destroyed in 70 AD. And you shall hang the veil from the clasps, and bring the ark of the testimony in there within the veil. Its whole purpose was to incarnate the immense and in ! This doesn't preclude the possibility of it being cleaned occasionally, but we see that it wasn't wiped away immediately. Its floor plan consists of a courtyard, main hall, and the holy of holies. Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? The directions provide for: According to the Bible, the Holy of Holies was covered by a veil,[8] and no one was allowed to enter except the High Priest, and even he would only enter once a year on Yom Kippur,[9] to offer the blood of sacrifice and incense. 26:33-34 ). Sefaria explanation: "There were trap doors in the roof of the Holy of Holies through which they would let workmen down in baskets to fix the walls of the Hekhal and Holy of Holies when necessary. To clean the Holy of Holies, men were lowered from above in special baskets. The cups, snuffers, basins, dishes for incense, and fire pans, of pure gold; and the sockets of gold, for the doors of the innermost part of the house, the Most Holy Place, and for the doors of the nave of the temple. There is one question that has puzzled scholars and thinkers throughout the centuries; if the High Priest was the only one permitted into this, the most Holy place then who cleaned the Holy of Holies? All rights reserved. And the wings of the cherubim were spread out so that a wing of one touched the one wall, and a wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; their other wings touched each other in the middle of the house. And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth. One could also dedicate animals for the sake of the repair of the Temple.. The mishna there discusses "whitening" with whitewash (lime) twice yearly with a trowel, and "whitening" weekly with a cloth. 9cm.). And you shall put in it the ark of the testimony, and you shall screen the ark with the veil. Finally I could do His will, finally I could do what He had been leading me to do, but I was too busy chasing the all important dollar. Again Jesus spoke to them, saying, I am the light of the world. Does not nature itself teach you that if a man wears long hair it is a disgrace for him. Who Cleaned the Holy of Holies? Also called the curtain in several Bible translations, the veil separated the holy place from the inner holy of holies inside the tent of meeting. These are a shadow of the things to come, but the substance belongs to Christ. The mercy seat was only in the Tabernacle and Temple of Solomon before the captivity in Babylon. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. For when Moses was about to erect the tent, he was instructed by God, saying, See that you make everything according to the pattern that was shown you on the mountain.. https://EzineArticles.com/expert/Keith_Henry_III/442893, 2023 EzineArticlesAll Rights Reserved Worldwide, https://EzineArticles.com/expert/Keith_Henry_III/442893, http://ezinearticles.com/?Who-Cleaned-the-Holy-of-Holies?&id=4912265. Article Source: For he finds fault with them when he says: Behold, the days are coming, declares the Lord, when I will establish a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah, not like the covenant that I made with their fathers on the day when I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt. The Greek language was the common language upon Hellenization of much of the Middle East after the death of Alexander the Great, and the division of his empire among four generals.
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