Preliminary observations show the potential of a link between AP intake and possible risk reduction for osteoporosis and diabetes, but the work on potential mechanisms needs to be expanded. Among the various foods studied, apples were the only individual fruit associated with the protective association. Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. 1 (4). Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. The apple extracts and curcumin, but not other phytochemicals, significantly reduced the TNF-induced activation of NF-B by reducing proteasome activity, a known target in regulation of NF-B. Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. Dietary fat, including high PUFA intake, is associated with increased lipid peroxidation resulting in DNA damage (40). Nutrient Composition of Hawthorn. Using modern analytical techniques, a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of fruits from apple cultivars grown in Western Norway during 2019 and 2020 was done. There is convincing evidence that diets high in fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced cancer in the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and colon (13). aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3 ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms. Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? The women were randomized to 1 of 3 diet groups for 10 wk including a daily intake of 300 g of apple (~1.5 large size), daily intake of a similar quantity of pear, or 60 g of oat cookies. (65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone. In conclusion, the data related to AP and disease risk reduction are provocative and varied. In a 100 gram (ml) reference amount, it provides 22 calories, with negligible content of micronutrients. However, it is still not fully understood which components mediate the observed effects. The available data show preliminary but intriguing potential of AP to modulate some of these processes in animal models. Total polyphenol content determination The total polyphenol content of CHE extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Fermented apple juice extract had an antiproliferative effect in both cell lines, particularly in the LT97 cells, suggesting a greater effect on precancerous than cancer cells. Iodine solution, alcohol solution. How Odor Works Polyphenolic compounds account for the color, flavor, taste, and metabolic activity of plant-based foods as well as the putative health benefits to humans. Animal feeding and in vitro studies have shown the potential of AP in breast cancer reduction. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. Apples for direct consumption should be rich in biologically active compounds, such as ascorbic acid, and phenolic compounds, particularly flavanols, including catechins and proanthocyanidins. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). Although this effect was less robust after adjustment for intake of other fruits and vegetables, the association remained. New data have suggested a possible link between AP consumption and reduced risk of diabetes. The strengths of this diet study included the use of whole fruits rather than extracts in addition to the easily achievable energy level of the weight loss regime and the involvement of a registered dietitian to implement the diet. The rats were provided phloridzin, a flavonoid isolated from apple wood in this study but also present in apples, particularly the peel. Given the increasing incidence of these 2 conditions, further study of the effect of AP on osteoporosis and diabetes is important to consider. Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Recent investigations have added to the earlier work as well as identified potential new health benefits of AP consumption. [4] Processing [ edit] Apples are loaded onto a processing belt where they are crushed, pressed, and the juice separated. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. Mechanistically, it is feasible that catechins or other polyphenolic components in AP may be inversely related to the risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly by preserving pancreatic -cell function via reduced oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. It is speculated that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as reduced intake of dietary antioxidants, are contributing to the rise (51). One study published by a different group in 2006 did not find an association between fruit intake (reported in a semiquantitative FFQ) and several endpoints related to diagnosed asthma in Dutch children (57). Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). This led the investigators to feed a fructose solution to the study participants to mimic the content in 5 apples (64 g fructose). AP consumption was also linked to beneficial effects on pulmonary function in healthy participants and those with diagnosed pulmonary disorders (1). The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. Every triterpenoid significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation; some were highly potent and reduced cell growth by 50% at relatively low concentrations (~1017 mol/L). The infection of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) can severely damage the cellular structure of apple leaves, leading to a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and reduced fruit yield. Favorable effects on antioxidant enzymes in liver including SOD, GSHPx, and general markers of oxidation (hepatic TBARS) were significantly reduced by 4752%. In addition, the extract downregulated several signal pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, including PKC and enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis. An intriguing report published in 2007 involved studying the association between maternal diet and the presence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in offspring 5 y later (56). Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. Composition of apple wastes used as raw materials; comparison of the elemental composition of the materials from the as-received apple waste and from the residue kept in air for 8 days; TGA and DTA curves for the pyrolysis of apple pomace under N 2 at 20 C min -1 . Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. However, there are provocative data suggesting that mechanisms beyond antioxidant effects are important, including suppression of neurotoxic mediators in Alzheimer's disease. The association persisted even after correction for other factors, including childhood diet and lifestyle variables. Apple also decreased the presence of ROS generated by hydrogen peroxide exposure in lymphocytes isolated from each participant at 3 and 6 h after the apple test meal. Dina Spector. The antioxidant mechanisms described in many studies have important implications for a protective effect of AP on not only cancer but also cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, and potentially diabetes. An updated analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition was published in 2007 (15). Their experiments tested for the effectiveness of various fruits in inhibiting ROS-induced production of ethylene from -keto--methiolbutyric acid. There are several thousand phytochemicals present in whole foods and there is still limited characterization of the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds in AP. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. They observed an increase in FRAP and a correlated increase in plasma urate levels, leading them to speculate that fructose-mediated urate production might account for their observations. There are current data suggesting that AP might be linked to reduced risk of several forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. Fresh apple intake (26/wk) tended to be protective but was not significant for a dose-response relationship. Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried) and apple juice. Apple juice was among 8 fresh fruit juices that exhibited an antioxidant effect within 30 min postconsumption that was sustained for up to 90 min. Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. Recent data support these findings, particularly those related to asthma. Chemical Properties of Anthocyanins in Black Foods The basic C6-C3-C6 anthocyanin structure is the combination of anthocyanidins (aglycones) linking with sugars, which can be separated into anthocyanidin sugar-free aglycones and anthocyanin glycosides depending on structure [10]. A new report using data from the French branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition trial provided evidence of a link between apple intake and reduced asthma prevalence in a sample of 68,535 adult women, mostly teachers, enrolled in a national health insurance plan (52). As such, it would be inaccurate to conclusively state that apples alone induce weight loss on the basis of this study. Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). Understanding and characterizing the bioavailability of AP in humans is important in examining their possible protective effects on colon cancer. Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple. Overproduction and/or overexposure to oxidants in the body can result in an imbalance leading to cellular damage. Increasingly, research has moved toward studying compounds in individual foods to gain a greater understanding of their specific role(s) and the mechanisms involved in the prevention and reduction of disease in humans. It is thought that lungs are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to high and continual exposure to oxygen. The estimated dietary intake of polyphenolic compounds varies widely depending upon methodology, consumption data, the combination of compounds (most commonly flavonoids) included in the analysis, and the food composition database used (6). One recent investigation focused on isolating and identifying bioactive compounds in apple peel associated with antiproliferative activity (32). The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. Author disclosure: D.A. There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. TheOutcast06 3 yr. ago. The current report focused on studies published since the last review of AP and health in 2004 (1). If these findings are applicable to the in vivo situation, altered intestinal lipid secretion might account for the lipid-lowering effect of AP observed in some studies and suggest one possible mechanism for reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. As such, there is considerable interest in foods and dietary patterns that might be cardioprotective. Oxidative stress, known to play a role in the pathogenesis of most diseases, has been the focus of many new studies to determine the effectiveness of AP in an antioxidant capacity. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. II. Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d. Metastasis pattern and prognosis in children with neuroblastoma. Adapted with permission from (4). The effect of AP on cell proliferation has been the focus of many recent studies. Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive Incubation of these cells with the apple juice extract for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced their growth. It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. I have been fighting the naturalistic fallacy lately and I seem to remember a picture of an apple with a list of compounds which I assumed were naturally occurring - I seem to remember it was a motivational type. Although this was a small study, the moderate amount of apple juice and the prolonged antioxidant effect are positive indicators of AP potential to mitigate oxidation. Previous studies on Monkey apple have reported the composition of an ethereal extract of the fruit stones [5]. A hospital-based, case-control study published in 2005 included over 6000 participants from various regions in Italy and examined the association between fresh apple intake and risk of cancer (14). 3 comments. Although apples and citrus were collectively associated with reduced risk of diagnosed asthma, adjustment for citrus eliminated the significance of the effect of apples. In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). The in vitro findings align with the results of animal studies, demonstrating that apple extracts modulate the cell cycle, an important mechanistic explanation of the observed effects of AP on mammary tumor inhibition. The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. Although there were observed differences in effectiveness and specificity between each extract preparation, the effective range was comparable to quantities of phytochemicals found in apple juice. An effect of AP on NF-B activity was observed in another cell line in a recent study by Davis et al. In this study, we propose a novel method that utilizes hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to non-destructively monitor ApMV-infected apple leaves and predict LCC as a quantitative indicator of disease . The combined phytochemical and nutrient profiles in AP suggests their potential to be powerful in the prevention of several chronic conditions in humans. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. A self-administered FFQ was used to assess maternal diet at 32 wk of gestation. The authors estimated that the amount of procyanidin ingested would be comparable to humans consuming 2 apples/d (410 mg procyanidin/kg bodyweight). The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the correlation between phenolic content, enzymatic activity and browning MartinaPersic MajaMikulic-Petkovsek AnaSlatnar RobertVeberic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.017 Get rights and content Apple fruit, pomace and juice characterized by different phenolic groups. In follow-up studies, the same authors examined the effect of isolated fractions on the above markers and concluded that the juice fraction itself was more effective than individual components of juice, including polyphenolic-rich extracts (18). An indirect outcome of inflammation (splenomegaly) was also reduced in the groups taking the phloridzin. It is estimated that 1.5 million people will suffer an osteoporotic-related fracture each year. Ogino et al. These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. Isolated fractions of the major phenolics in the juice (phloretin and quercetin and their 2 glucoside forms, phlorizin and rutin, respectively) were shown to account in part for the inhibitory effects. The upregulation of these enzymes suggests that regular apple consumption might promote a favorable milieu to reduce oxidation. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun M, Barth SW, Fahndrich C, Bub A, Dietrich H, Watzl B, Will F, Briviba K, Rechkemmer G, Barth SW, Faehndrich C, Bub A, Watzl B, Will F, Dietrich H, Rechkemmer G, Briviba K, Goss F, Guyot S, Roussi S, Lobstein A, Fischer B, Seiler N, Raul F, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Dietrich H, Will F, Janzowski C, Olsson ME, Gustavsson K-E, Andersson S, Nilsson A, Duan R-D, Goss F, Roussi S, Guyot S, Schoenfelder A, Mann A, Bergerat J, Seiler N, Raul F, Kern M, Pahlke G, Balavenkatraman KK, Bohmer FD, Marko D, Veeriah S, Kautenburger T, Habermann N, Sauer J, Dietrich H, Will F, Pool-Zobel BL, Kahle K, Kraus M, Scheppach W, Richling E, Waldecker M, Kautenburger T, Daumann H, Veeriah S, Will F, Dietrich H, Pool-Zobel BL, Schrenk D, Liu J-R, Dong H-W, Chen B-Q, Zhao P, Liu R, Davis PA, Polagruto JA, Valacchi G, Phung A, Soucek K, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J, Avci A, Atli T, Eruder I, Varli M, Devrim E, Turgay S, Durak I, Ko S-H, Choi S-W, Ye S-K, Cho B-L, Kim H-S, Chung M-H, Maffei F, Tarozzi A, Carbone F, Marchesi A, Hrelia S, Angeloni C, Forti G, Hreliaa P, Cefarelli G, D'Abrosca B, Fiorentino A, Izzo A, Mastellone C, Pacifico S, Piscopo V, Schaefer S, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Janzowski C, Dcord K, Teissdre P, Auger C, Cristol J-P, Rouanet J-M, Ogino Y, Osada K, Nakamura S, Ohta Y, Kanda T, Sugano M, Vidal R, Hernandez-Vallejo S, Pauquai T, Texier O, Rousset M, Chambaz J, Demignot S, Lacorte J-M, Romieu I, Varraso R, Avenel V, Leynaert B, Kauffmann F, Clavel-Chapelon F, Garcia V, Arts ICW, Sterne JAC, Thompson RL, Shaheen SO, Shaheen SO, Sterne JA, Thomson RL, Songhurt CE, Margetts BM, Burney PGJ, Okoko BJ, Burney PG, Newson RB, Potts JF, Shaheen SO, Willers SM, Devereux G, Craig L, McNeill G, Wijga A, Abou El-Magd W, Turner S, Helms P, Seaton A, Tabak C, Wijga A, deMeer G, Janssen N, Brunekreef B, Smit H, Patel BD, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Luben R, Day N, Khaw K-T, Lomas D, Wareham N, Tchantchou F, Chan A, Kifle L, Ortiz D, Shea T, Rogers EJ, Mihalik S, Ortiz D, Shea T, Viggiano A, Monda M, Turco I, Incarnato L, Vinno V, Viggiano E, Baccari M, De Luca B, Song Y, Manson J, Buring J, Sesson H, Lin S, Marks SC, Mullen W, Borges G, Crozier A, Conceio de Oliveira M, Sichieri R, Moura A, Prynne CJ, Mishra GD, O'Connell MA, Muniz G, Laskey MA, Yan L, Prentice A, Ginty F, Puel C, Quintin A, Mathey J, Obled C, Davicco M, Lebecque P, Kati-Coulibaly S, Horcajada M, Coxam V, Graziani G, D'Argenio G, Tuccillo C, Loguercio C, Ritieni A, Morisco F, Del Vecchio B, Fogliano V, Romano M. Molnr P, Kawase M, Satoh K, Sohara Y, Tanaka T, Tani S, Sakagami H, Nakashima H, Motohashi N, Gymnt N, et al. Other reports have indicated that apple intake is associated with reduced risk of asthma and related symptoms. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. In many of these studies, dietary intake was quantified using diet history or FFQ followed by tests for a statistical link between disease risk and defined strata of AP or AP-flavonoid consumption. The goal of the follow-up study was to determine if flavonoid content of apples accounted for the observed improvement in outcomes related to asthma. Commercial apple juice in Germany was tested among other fruit juices. Apple juice also attenuated the neurotoxicity of amyloid peptide in vitro (65). They found that apple consumption reduced anxious behavior in rats in elevated maze tests and restored synaptic function (long-term potentiation) to the level of younger animals. The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective, COP27 Climate Change Conference: Urgent Action Needed for Africa and the World: : Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change, Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline, Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota, High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Gastrointestinal protection from drug injury, http://www.yvgsa.com/pdf/facts/USApple2010ProductionAnalysis.pdf, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, A Review and Critical Analysis of the Scientific Literature Related to 100% Fruit Juice and Human Health, Perspective: The Paradox in Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products ResearchThe Source of the Serum and Urinary Advanced Glycation End Products Is the Intestines, Not the Food, Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet, The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04266.. Kern et al. Rats were fed 2 different preparations of apple juice pressed from a mixture of apples to determine if 7 wk of daily consumption protected the mucosa from 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced genotoxic damage. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. A research group in Italy studied the effects of 10 wk of fresh apple intake in aged rats (66). The fruit composition is characterized by the presence of high amounts of physiologically active chemical constituents, such as sugars, organic acids, mineral salts, tannins, vitamins, pectin,. The purpose of the present review is to provide an updated summary and analysis of recent findings related to AP and associated compounds with a particular focus on their potential role(s) in disease risk and general human health. In general, AP are among the top 3 or 4 dietary sources of total phenolics consumed in America and worldwide (79). HT29 cells, as well as a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 were the models in a study of the effects of extracts of 10 fruits, including apple peel (Malus domestica) (21). The calculated intake of phenols was comparable to dietary intake in humans (930 mg in apple group; 1100 mg in apple juice group). Hydrogen sulphide saturated. 2.1 Chemical Composition of Apple and Apple Waste. The grade is characterized by: Very high corrosion resistance in strong acids. Many recent studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of AP on critical processes in the etiology of disease at the metabolic and cellular level. There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 30%. Increasingly protective effects were observed in rats fed extract doses equivalent to 1, 3, or 6 apples/d with reductions in tumor incidence of 17, 39, and 44%, respectively. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. There was no statistical association between reduced asthma or asthma severity and any of the flavonoids examined, inferring that compounds other than those studied must be attributed to the observed reduction in risk of asthma. More than 1400 adult participants in a case-control study of dietary antioxidants and asthma in the UK completed FFQ for assessment of daily intake of 3 major classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, and catechins. Add a Comment. Chemical analysis of apple juice showed that the levels of organic acids, sugars and soluble pectin differed between cultivars. In a separate study, Shaheen et al. Main conclusion The efficiency of suberized plant/environment interfaces as transpiration barriers is not established by the suberin polymer but by the wax molecules sorbed to the suberin polymer. Fruits and vegetables provide nutrients that are thought to be associated with improved bone health (vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin K) in addition to producing alkaline metabolites that might improve bone health by reducing calcium excretion (72). Another study examining oxidation in humans involved providing 150 mL of apple juice, prepared from homogenized apple flesh, to 10 healthy young male participants in Japan and testing their blood at periodic intervals using a fluorescent probe (2,7-dichlorofluorescin) as an indicator of ROS formation and oxidative stress (37). Investigations with this model have provided important clues that mechanisms of neuroprotection may extend beyond antioxidant effects. One widely studied mechanism related to cancer is oxidation. Four preparations differing in relative percentages of 14 identified phytochemicals were compared for their effects on oxidative markers in cultured human colonic cell lines including HT29, an established cell line of colon adenocarcinoma, and Caco-2 cells (human colonic cells). Thirteen pure compounds were identified as triterpenoids and tested for antiproliferative activity against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), as well as human breast cancer and colon cancer cells (MCF-7 and Caco-2, respectively). Metals, sugars, organic . The concentration of polyphenols is influenced by the plant variety as well as environmental factors, including geographic region, growing season, and storage (3). Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments.
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