Glob Change Biol 26:61346155. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2019.1705401, Anonymous (2022) Personal communication. As per the table ecosystem, X has the highest diversity. It provides us with an array of foods and materials, and it contributes to the economy. The government of Uzbekistan has officially stated that it will now be impossible to restore the Aral Sea to its former (pre-1960) state, and has instead committed to mitigate the consequences of this ecological disaster on human wellbeing, environment and the local economy. (2022) https://lex.uz/docs/5892355, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language). Oryx 45:461462. Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15645, CBD-UNDP (2021). Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Invasive species. Sci Total Environ 738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139693, Gmez Martn E, Mez Costa M, Egerer S, Schneider UA (2021) Assessing the long-term effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions under different climate change scenarios. Water (Switzerland), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101433, Kumar P, Debele SE, Sahani J, Rawat N, Marti-Cardona B, Alfieri SM, Zieher T (2021) Nature-based solutions efficiency evaluation against natural hazards: Modelling methods, advantages and limitations. That work is critical, because scientists say humans are speeding extinction at a disastrous pace. In fact, tropical rain forests have the most diversity. Monitoring of afforested lands and soil quality monitoring could have substantially improved survival rates of saxaul and other shrubby plantations in the Aralkum. However, to date there has been no focused and systematic review of the application of NbS in drylands, despite their importance. Biodiversity can also be harmed byintroduced species. Due to the impact of afforestation on soil carbon both positively and negatively (Seddon, et al., 2020), selection of appropriate sites and species turn out to be a key to success, but most importantly, afforestation should be implemented with the application of native and/or endemic species to avoid introduction of invasive alien species. https://aral.uz/en/creation-of-small-local-water-bodies-in-the-delta-of-amudarya/, Agol D, Reid H, Crick F, Wendo, H (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation in Lake Victoria Basin; synergies and trade-offs. To reach its commitments to increase the percentage of protected areas with respect to the total territory, the government of Uzbekistan almost tripled the area of PAs in Karakalpakstan in 20212022 alone. Based on the focussed case study literature review we conducted, we now focus on discussing four of the above-mentioned major nature-based solutions, which are relevant to the Uzbek part of the Aral Sea region. Researchers have estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on Earth, with a few studies predicting that there may be more than 100 million species on Earth. Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. o antigenic immune system Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms within a given area. Results on blue and/or green urban infrastructure, coastal ecosystems, and on areas not considered as drylands by the UNCCCD (2017) were excluded. Some of these genes are the same for all individuals within a speciestheyre what make a daisy a daisy and a dog a dog. https://doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2001.0013, Roberts CM, OLeary BC, Hawkins JP (2020) Climate change mitigation and nature conservation both require higher protected area targets. Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of the greatest challenges in science. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to systematically review nature-based solutions in dryland ecosystems, and certainly the first with a specific geographic focus on the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan as a case study. A Certified Wildlife Habitat provides food, shelter, water, and a place for native wildlife to raise youngthe essential elements of habitat that wildlife need to survive. The focal case study areathe Aral Seaprimarily transitioned from one of the largest inland water bodies in the world into a sandy desert over the course of several decades, still contains the small remnant southern Aral Sea, the existence of which remains under threat due to the absence of water inflow and high evaporation rates. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. With a closer look, we can see invertebrates and worms under leaves, on grasses and in the pond water. Dry areas are reported to be among the most vulnerable to land degradation caused by climate change and anthropogenic activities (UNCCD, 2017), and, in case of the global temperature rise over targeted 1,5C, they will be more susceptible to increased surface warming than humid areas. Shahzoda Alikhanova. The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests,alpinemountains, and dry deserts. Which ecosystem has the highest biodiversity? https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.09.en, IUCN (2020) IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: a user-friendly framework for the verification, design and scaling up of NbS: first edition. Nationwide, the Interior Department is seeking public input until March 7 on questions such as what should count as conserved land and waters under President Bidens 30 percent commitment. Theres the tiny patch-nosed salamander in northern Georgia and across the border in South Carolina. Further, wetlands nested within larger dryland landscapes are reported to be among the ecosystems most effected by climate change (Parra, et al., 2021), (Williams, 1999), hence are in need of urgent conservation action. Species by the NumbersScientists have identified about 1.75 million different species. Animals and plants are the most familiar types of endangered species, but afungus, such as thewhite ferula mushroom(Pleurotus nebrodensis) can also be threatened. In the early 1900s, Americanchestnut blightkilled most of the chestnut trees in the eastern forests of North America. FLA. Rivers and streams . Nearly half of the Asian continent is covered by drylands, which contributes to an estimated 34% of the worlds drylands. A single coral reef can shelter 3,000 species of fish and other sea creatures such as clams and sea stars. They include everything from cleaning water and absorbing chemicals, which wetlands do, to providing oxygen for us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people. Artemia, which is used as forage for aquatic species, is currently being harvested and represents business opportunities for the local population (Aladin, et al., 2018), (Arashkevich, Sapozhnikov, Soloviov, Kudyshkin, & Zavialov, 2009). (2023)Cite this article. As the number of ecological issues associated with biodiversity loss, climate change, food security is expected to grow in the coming decades, protected areas are seen as an effective adaptation and mitigation tool (MacKinnon, Dudley, & Sandwith, 2011). The . LA. Tech. Environ Manag 25:485512. Reports also state that areas covered by drylands are expected to substantially expand by the end of the 21st century reaching almost 60% of the global land coverage (UNCCD, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016), (Feng & Fu, 2013). Upon reaching certain heights and within a few years, these species are able to reduce wind erosion and subsequent dust storms drastically. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3642, Kumar N, Khamzina A, Knfel P, Lamers JP, Tischbein B (2021) Afforestation of degraded croplands as a watersaving option in irrigated region of the aral sea basin. Also, topsoil quality was reported to have improved in saxaul plantations, which bonds sand particles together with the help of debris (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020). It is one of many efforts to measure biodiversity in the United States and around the world. Regional Environ Change 13:493508. Jamba 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.400, Bonn A, Allott T, Evans M, Joosten H, Stoneman R (2016) Peatland restoration and ecosystem services: Nature-based solutions for societal goals. At the highest level, one can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. Pollution. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. Creation of small local water bodies in the delta of Amudarya. Overall, in our view, the most common possible issues of NbS application in the Aral Sea basin requiring further in-depth research are the following: Resilience of afforested areas to weather changes, temperature fluctuations, water availability and their long-term sustainability. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . o innate immune system https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2935, Girardin CA, Jenkins S, Seddon N, Allen M, Lewis SL, Wheeler CE, Malhi Y (2021) Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet - if we act now. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. Biodiversity is the richness of life in all of its forms, from genes to ecosystems. Coral reefs are believed by many to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planeteven more than a tropical rainforest. Of these, beetles are some of the most numerous species. These differences are what scientists use to tell one species from another. All rights reserved. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, and soils, our supermarkets would have a lot less produce. All these have led to increased levels of soil and water salinity, as well as to the reduction of the water table of desert pastures in the Aral Sea basin (Toderich, et al., 2013b). In areas with lots of biodiversity, insects and other creatures pollinate plants naturally. When people introduce species from one part of the world to another, they often have no naturalpredators. For Trees Livelihoods 18:373386. Other than adding vocabulary, what developments occur in Even when species are protected under federal or state laws, they are typically more vulnerable outside of lands that are managed to protect biodiversity, Dr. Hamilton said. The final set of publications was analysed thematically as they were grouped into dryland ecosystem types (i.e., rangelands/grasslands, heathland, desert, wetlands) according to the search keywords used. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5684-7_38. Springer Netherlands. Based on the information in the chart, which ecosystem most likely has the highest biodiversity? Only about 2,800 live in Canadas Quebecprovince.The warm waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans tend to be the most diversemarineenvironments. Its why some people have brown eyes and some people have blue eyes.Greater genetic diversity in species can make plants and animals more resistant todiseases. (2022, April 20). Find out more information about biodiversity. Genetic diversity also allows species to betteradaptto a changing environment.Importance of BiodiversityAll species are interconnected. 2. The water consumption associated with afforestation is another issue that needs to be further evaluated (Tew, Vanguelova, & Sutherland, 2021), (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), as there is a high threat of depleting groundwater resources in dry areas through afforestation (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021), (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022). The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. In the long term, populations of Central Asian countries are likely to suffer from the severe consequences of land degradation, desertification and food security issues imposed by climate change if no immediate actions for adaptation and mitigation are taken. Restoration of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin would not just have an economic value for the local population, but also environmental benefits (Girardin, et al., 2021), and would substantially contribute to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019). 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