"Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania. Price's army crushed, flees back into Missouri. Several significant Federal leaders hailed from the Commonwealth. Confederates were driven into Salyersville with heavy losses. Lee outmaneuvers Grant, but because of illness, he is unable to capitalize. 1:34. Richard Taylor, being vastly outnumbered, retreats after an artillery skirmish. Manage Settings Union force surrenders to larger Confederate force. Northernmost land action of the American Civil War, Union troops route Confederate forces protecting the railroad junction at Morristown. (microfilm rolls #3940-3941), 96th Regiment P.V. Ewell declined to order the attack, considering the Federal position too strong; his reticence would earn him many unfavorable comparisons to the great Stonewall. Corrections? They then traveled to Washington, DC, to meet Abraham Lincoln and relay their conclusions. Civil War Timeline - Gettysburg National - National Park Service Civil War - Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission The Civil War devastated the Confederate states. Confederate forces retreated after constant Naval bombardments. In preparation for his invasion, Lee reorganized his army into three corps under Gen. A.P. (microfilm roll #2231), Grand Army of the Republic Collection, 1865-1936 (MG 60) (microfilm rolls #4411-4420), G.A.R. As the survivors stumbled back to their opening position, Lee and Longstreet scrambled to shore up their defensive line after the failed assault. Other prominent Pittsburgh area factories included Singer, Nimick, and Co. (maker of 3" Ordnance rifles) and Smith, Park, and Co., which produced more than 300,000 artillery projectiles. Union forces thwart Lee's final attempt to resupply. Hundreds of thousands died of disease. He fought the rest of the war on the defensive. Confederacy noun Senators from seven Southern states meet in Washington, D.C. to discuss secession. Ewell, whose corps had been preparing to carry the offensive across the Susquehanna from positions at Carlisle and York, was ordered to move either to Cashtown or Gettysburg. After defeating the Union forces of Gen. Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, Virginia, in May, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North in hopes of further discouraging the enemy and possibly inducing European countries to recognize the Confederacy. Union fleet under S. F. Du Pont capture Confederate forts at Hilton Head, South Carolina. second of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner fails, heroism of the. Minor skirmish, Union and Confederates clashed, Confederate forces repelled Union troops, with cavalry and cadet forces. On the national level, Simon Cameron served as Secretary of War during the early years of Lincoln's administration. pp. The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War. The United States Civil War, fought between 1861 and 1865, featured many major and minor engagements, and military actions. The Philadelphia region was a significant contributor to the war effort. Governor Andrew G. Curtin assembled this meeting; its purpose was to discuss strategy, troop quotas, and the Union. (microfilm rolls #4078-4079), 139th Regiment P.V. Union forces massacred retreating Confederates. How it ended Union victory. Other battles and skirmishes, not rated by CWSAC, of the American Indian Wars between either USA or CSA forces and the Apache, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Dakota, Kiowa, Navajo, and Shoshone which occurred during the American Civil War including: the Apache Wars, Colorado War, Dakota War of 1862, Navajo Wars, and TexasIndian wars. Old Dominion, Industrial Commonwealth: Coal, Politics, and Economy in Antebellum America. Confederate victory, Union commander killed. Sheridan defeats Early, drives Confederates from Shenandoah Valley. Confederate forces go into Full retreat under. Preston, Co. B, 100th Regiment, P.V., Diary, 1864 (microfilm roll #4552), Stephen A. Wallace Civil War Diary, Sept. 18, 1862 to July 13, 1863 (MG 6) (microfilm roll #4028), Wheler Family Papers, 1862-1865, undated. Pennsylvanians also rose to prominence as political figures during the war, like Secretary of War Simon Cameron and the fiery Radical Republican abolitionist Representative Thaddeus Stevens. Use this animated map to learn about the Battle of Gettysburg. Lees defeat stemmed from overconfidence in his troops, Ewells inability to fill the boots of Gen. Thomas J. Buford, meanwhile, had immediately recognized the strategic importance of Gettysburg as a crossroads and prepared to hold the town until reinforcements arrived. United States. Military leaders from Pennsylvania included Generals George G. Meade (the victorious commander at Gettysburg and from Philadelphia), Winfield S. Hancock, John F. Reynolds, Admiral David D. Porter, and Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs. Federal dead from this battle rest at Gettysburg National Cemetery, site of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Updates? Vertical files of the Library of the Gettysburg National Military Park, citing several primary sources. Elaborate amphibious Union flanking maneuver is thwarted by Confederates at Fort Pemberton during the Vicksburg campaign. Small, but strategically important skirmish during the Gettysburg Campaign. Hill, Gen. James Longstreet, and Gen. Richard S. Ewell. The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) was established within the United States National Park Service to classify the preservation status of historic battlefield land. Other battles in the American Indian Wars, Names of the American Civil War Names of battles and armies, Eastern Theater of the American Civil War, Western Theater of the American Civil War, Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War, Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War, Category:Battles of the American Civil War, List of costliest American Civil War land battles, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War, "Last stand: Battle for Broxton Bridge reenactment draws hundreds of students, spectators", "First Session of the Second Wheeling Convention", "West Virginians Approve the Willey Amendment", Spreadsheet of over 5,000 Civil War battles and incidents, List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials, List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic, Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol, List of Confederate monuments and memorials, Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. Confederates suffered heavy losses and retreated after an hour long musket battle. Jackson turns into Pope's rear area; destroys Manassas Station. (microfilm roll #4034), 155th Regiment P.V. If you do not find a soldier's name here, you should continue your research in other secondary sources, as well as the original records held by the State Archives. Stuart was forced to continue north and east to get around the Union cavalry, further delaying his attempt to rejoin Lees army which was then concentrating at Cashtown Gap west of Gettysburg. The Civil War in Pennsylvania What was the most important battle in Pennsylvania during the Civil War? Confederate smuggling up the Chincoteague Bay ends. Pennsylvania was a critical source of raw materials to the Union's war effort, particularly anthracite coal. Failed Confederate attempt to capture Washington, D.C., President. Pennsylvanian Elisha Bracken mustered August 31, 1861, into Company C of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 100th Regiment. JHU Press. Battle of Gettysburg: Summary, Facts & Casualties - History Then the Federal artillery, which had ceased fire an hour earlier to save ammunition, went back into action with devastating effect at a range of about 700 yards (640 metres). Meade, on the other hand, was less confident, and it was only after a formal council of war that he decided to stay and fight. Mission objective fulfilled Charleston & Savannah railroad bridge damaged. One would serve as a defining moment in the Civil War, a conflict that ended slavery and changed the identity of the United States. Westernmost Confederate battle fatalities. Union forces badly defeated by Missouri State Guard. The State Archives does not compile individual service files or unit histories. Battle of Gettysburg | Summary, History, Dates, Generals, Casualties An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In addition to bringing the conflict out of Virginia and diverting northern troops from Vicksburg, where the Confederates were under siege, Lee hoped to gain recognition of the Confederacy by Britain and France and strengthen the cause of northern Copperheads who favored peace. Confederate victory. Gen. John Bell Hoods division of Longstreets corps attacked the Union left at 4:00 pm. Union forces panic under bombardment from Confederate artillery. The following records are available at the State Archives: Keystone State. "[4], The 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, one of the regiments which initially served in the Eastern and Lower Seaboard Theaters,[5][6] went on to become the only regiment from Pennsylvania to both fight in the Union's 1864 Red River Campaign across Louisiana[7] and to have men confined as POWs at Camp Ford, the largest Confederate States Army prison west of the Mississippi River. Please note: the information in the Bates series is incomplete, having been taken from our muster-out rolls but not necessarily the muster-in rolls or other related documents. Herman Haupt, who commanded the U.S. Military Railroad, revolutionized military transportation in the United States and was one of the unsung heroes of the war. In the afternoon, after a preliminary artillery bombardment, Lee attacked the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Other non-Indian wars battles and skirmishes not rated by CWSAC. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Confederates drove back the Union threat, but at a cost of diluting their forces as the Union had hoped. Pollock's Company (Fredericksburg Artillery), W.P. Longstreet, on the other hand, contended that Lee should make Meade attack. Having reached the same conclusion, Meade had already ordered the III Corps (under Gen. Daniel Sickles) and the XII Corps (under Gen. Henry Slocum) forward. Lora Schmidt Cahill; David L Mowery (20 November 2014). Confederate mistakes allow Federal forces to redeploy, leading to the Battle of Franklin. in, Sandow, Robert M. "The Limits of Northern Patriotism: Early Civil War Mobilization in Pennsylvania. J.E.B. Shortly after 1:00 pm the Confederates started a tremendous artillery bombardment, which was answered immediately by Federal counterfire. Confederate successes at First and Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg had convinced him that the war could be won by adopting a tactical defensive posture while conducting strategic offensive operations. Bragg forced to withdraw after losing 11,739 men. Early on June 29 Meade started north with Gen. John Bufords two cavalry brigades scouting ahead of the army. Union troops massacred Confederate forces as the Confederates burned their encampments. (microfilm rolls #4227-4228), Minutes of the Board of Appraisers to Examine Damage to Property on the Southern Border, 1863-1864 (RG-2) (microfilm roll #4433), Minutes of the Board of Appraisers of Chambersburg War Damages, 1866 (RG 2) (microfilm roll #4433), Chambersburg War Damage Claim Applications, 1866-1868 (RG 2) (microfilm rolls #4434-4439), Record of Chambersburg War Damage Claim Final Awards Issued Under Act of Feb. 15, 1866 (RG 2) (microfilm roll #4439), Damage Claim Applications, 1871-1879 (RG 2) (microfilm rolls #131-141), Index to Damage Claim Applications, [ca. Union forces win decisive battle to take control of Missouri. American Indian Wars: Shoshone forces massacred by Union troops. Indecisive action at rearguard of Lee's retreat. Bender has documentation and letters that show Isaac C. Hart served in the Union Army during the Civil War. Hill unable to take North Carolina town from Union forces. Union failed to take Gainesville, retreated. Fort DeRussy fell and the Red River to Alexandria was open. Union victory in small skirmish on the Iowa-Missouri border, One of several small cavalry skirmishes in. Rebels forced to withdraw after battle. Part of one Union brigade advanced to hasten their retreat, but the Army of the Potomac had been too roughly handled to mount a counterattack. The State Archives holds Civil War regimental records only for Pennsylvania units, including those regiments of U.S. On June 30 Bufords troopers met and drove back a Confederate brigade from Hills corps that was approaching Gettysburg. Demoralized by the defeat at Gettysburg, Lee offered his resignation to President Jefferson Davis, but was refused. (microfilm rolls #4224-4225), 151st Regiment P.V. The largest cavalry battle of the Civil War, it also marks the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign. Union troops disembark from ships and capture the town. Union forces under General Pope capture a newly recruited Missouri State Guard regiment. T he Civil War was America's bloodiest conflict. (microfilm roll #4029), 109th Regiment P.V. Seeking to press his advantage before more Union troops could arrive, Lee gave discretionary orders to attack Cemetery Hill to Ewell, who had taken command of the Army of Northern Virginias Second Corps after Lees most trusted general, Thomas J. Believing his men had been on the brink of victory the day before, Lee decided to send three divisions (preceded by an artillery barrage) against the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. pp. Lee was held up at Williamsport for a week waiting for the Potomac River to run down, but on the night of July 13 he withdrew his army and trains into the Shenandoah Valley before Meade, who had appeared on his front the day before, could launch an attack. 300 Union troops withstand uncoordinated Confederate attacks. Ewells men had advanced on the Union forces at Culps Hill and East Cemetery Hill in coordination with Longstreets 4 pm attack, but Union forces had stalled their attack by dusk. On July 1 one of Bufords brigades, armed with the newly issued Spencer repeating carbines, delayed Heths division until Gen. John F. Reynoldss I Corps began to arrive at about 11:00 am. Union and Confederate forces attack one another in turn, both attacks fail. The Civil War in Pennsylvania - America's Library All Rights Reserved. Forces under General William T. Sherman clear General Joseph E. Johnston's relief effort from the Vicksburg area. These battles would change the standing and historical memory of the United States. The southern spearhead broke through and penetrated onto Cemetery Ridge, but there it could do no more. US cavalry forces cross the Rapidan River to attack General J.E.B. January 3 - Georgia state troops seize Fort Pulaski. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. in Vicksburg campaign, Grant defeats Confederates. Fort Wagner falls to the Union; Confederates still hold Charleston and Fort Sumter. Confederate victory in Florida prevents the capture of Tallahassee. July 4, 1863: Turning point in the Civil War | Article | The United Union gunboats fight inconclusive battle with Confederate artillery. In 1869, the official commonwealth historian Samuel Penniman Bates wrote the monumental five-volume History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-1865 which remains the standard reference for the Commonwealth's regimental histories and unit rosters. Losses were among the wars heaviest: of about 94,000 Northern troops, casualties numbered about 23,000 (with more than 3,100 killed); of more than 71,000 Southerners, there were about 28,000 casualties (with some 3,900 killed). On June 28, Lincoln named Major General George Gordon Meade to succeed Hooker. Confederates suffered heavy losses to Union forces. You can experience the home for . Stuart counterattacked. Other information on the site includes histories of Union and Confederate regiments, links to descriptions of significant battles, and selected lists of prisoner-of-war records . Part of Vicksburg Campaign, fight for control of mouth of Arkansas River. Union forces victorious, but fail to capture several forts. Federals successfully counterattacked against the Confederates, resulting in a chaotic Confederate retreat. (microfilm rolls #4226-4227), 147th Regiment P.V. April 24, 2023 7:54 am. During the last week in June 1863, Stuart made a bold and possibly ill-advised cavalry sweep completely around the Federal forces, passing between them and Washington, D.C. On June 28, when his Army of Northern Virginia was extended deep into Pennsylvania, Lee was out of touch with his cavalry under Stuart, which should have served as the eyes of the army. Lee repulses Grant at back door to Richmond. Confederate victory secures the southern part of the New Mexico Territory for the CSA. Longstreet unable to take fort due to poor quality gunpowder. The North rejoiced while the South mourned, its hopes for foreign recognition of the Confederacy erased. The Battle of Gettysburg 652. After several days of intense skirmishing. Confederates unable to prevent Union river crossing. Before the 500 Alabama troops who had scaled Big Round Top could continue their attack from that hill, Warren had diverted sufficient Federal reserves to defend Little Round Top. Confederate forces retreat after Colonel Singletary is killed. 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry. A summary of the Pennsylvania battles, engagements and skirmishes as presented by Phisterer is given below: #989. In the first days of July 1863, two great armies converged at the small town of Gettysburg, in southern Pennsylvania. Smithsonian Institution. Significant naval leaders included Admiral David D. Porter and Rear Admiral John Dahlgren. Brimming with confidence, Lee decided to go on the offensive and invade the North for a second time (the first invasion had ended at Antietam the previous fall). While Warrens action secured the main battle position, the Federal III Corps was driven from Sickless salient with crippling losses. The last cannot be attributed entirely to Stuarts unfortunate raid. Union forces besieged Confederate positions, but the Confederates held their ground. Post #134, 1879-1921 (microfilm roll #1404), Military Order of the Loyal Legion, 1865-1935 (microfilm rolls #1437-1789). (microfilm roll #496), 153rd Regiment P.V. Many Americans, both in the North and in the South, believed that the conflict over secession might be settled with one decisive battle. Last battle in Texas during final phases of the Civil War. He was hawkish toward both the war efforts and his harsh views on Reconstruction. Stuart [CS]. In fact, many historians consider the Christiana Resistance as the first battle of the Civil War, for it was in this small town that the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was tested for the first time. Dakota War of 1862: Worst defeat of Union forces during the, Kickapoo victory: Texas State Militia and CS troops are defeated by, This page was last edited on 25 April 2023, at 18:14. Banks Union Red River Campaign halted by the Confederates. He ordered Longstreet to lead an attack on the Union left, while Ewells corps would strike the right, near Culps Hill. Beginning with President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Pennsylvania mustered 215 infantry regiments, as well as dozens of emergency militia regiments that were raised to repel threatened invasions in 1862 and 1863 by the Confederate States Army. Pleasonton surprises J.E.B. The Visitors Center at the Gettysburg Battlefield holds thousands of artifacts, including the most extensive collection of vintage Civil War weapons in Pennsylvania. Lee now had superior strength available, but, being in the dark as to the enemys true dispositions, he did not want to bring on a general engagement until Longstreets corps arrived. By evening, the Federals retained Little Round Top and had repulsed most of Ewells men. While the war still raged, efforts were underway in Gettysburg to preserve portions of the battlefield for future generations to tribute those men who fought there. Lulu.com. Through a spy, Lee received a report that Hookers Army of the Potomac was at Frederick, Maryland, under a new commander, Gen. George G. Meade, who had just replaced Hooker. After recognizing the importance of Culps Hill and ordering that it be occupied, Hancock studied the terrain and reported that Gettysburg was the place to fight. Union strategic victory. It also houses microfilmed records of the damage claims from individuals in several counties, delineating losses of their personal property and possessions to the opposing armies during the Gettysburg Campaign. Union forces drive Confederates back to Cold Harbor. Union troops retreat to Fort Butler in Donaldsonville, seized during the. Gettysburg's Welty House tells a Civil War story that you can touch "From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the US Civil War. After a great victory over Union forces at Chancellorsville, General Robert E. Lee marched his Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania in late June 1863. About this time Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, Meades chief engineer, had reached Little Round Top and found it undefended. Forrest routs Union force almost three times as large. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Confederates are victorious, but unable to continue raid. Early in the day, Ewell had attacked Culps Hill without success. The battle was General Robert E. Lee's final attempt to invade the North. Federal assault on Confederate fortifications repulsed with heavy casualties. He stated that "I thought I had hated slavery as much as possible before I came here, but here, where I can see some of its workings, I am more than ever convinced of the cruelty and inhumanity of the system. Confederate forces forced to retreat from Broxton Bridge after a failed defense. Virginia in particular was the site of many major and decisive battles. Confederate attack fails due to poor terrain conditions. History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-1865 is a five-volume series by Samuel P. Bates. pp. 1871-1879] (RG 2) 131 Civil War Diary, March 23, 1864 to August 8, 1865 (microfilm roll #1144), William Henry Egle Civil War Journal, July 14, 1863 to July 15, 1865 (MG 6) (microfilm roll #2231), General John F. Hartranft, April 30, 1865 to July 31, 1865 - Trial and Execution of the Assassins of President Lincoln (National Archives) (microfilm roll #4429), Colonel Daniel Leasure, M.D., Organizer of 100th Regiment P.V., Letters, 1861-1864 (microfilm roll #4547), Barnhart Metzger, 1895, n.d. (Diaries, Civil War) (microfilm roll #1429), Samuel Murray Civil War Diary, 1861-1862 (MG 6) (microfilm roll #2231), D.P.R. The Phoenixville Iron Company by itself produced well over 1,000 cannons, and the Frankford Arsenal was a major supply depot. Minor Confederate victory during U.S. Civil War. Galveston is taken by the Union forces after Confederates evacuate following a truce. Union forces capture two North Carolina forts. Pittsburgh industries collectively manufactured 10 percent of the total U.S. wartime production of artillery projectiles. "The Pennsylvania Press During the Civil War. Confederates enter town, but are unable to take nearby fort. Omissions? A third division of the XI Corps was posted on Cemetery Hill. Small Confederate force delays Union while larger force escapes. Stuart forced to change his route, delaying his efforts to unite with Lee's force outside Gettysburg. Battle of Gettysburg noun (1863, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania) Union victory during the Civil War. On July 4, Lee began withdrawing his army toward Williamsport on the Potomac River. Inconclusive Civil War battle in Virginia. Please read the, This website uses cookies and third party services. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Union forces routed Confederates, forcing them to scatter from Moorefield. McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania. Union cavalry from Kansas defeated by Missouri State Guard. Campaign: Gettysburg Campaign (June-August 1863), Principal Commanders: Brig. Stuart, in 1863 by John Imboden, and in 1864 by John McCausland in which his troopers burned the city of Chambersburg. Union troops failed to take the Staunton River Bridge. Lee was forced to withdraw his battered army toward Virginia on July 4. The U.S. Allegheny Arsenal was the primary military manufacturing facility for U.S. Army accouterments, as well as saddles and other cavalry equipment. Federal troops surrendered after being encircled by cavalry dressed as Union soldiers. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 13, 1863, during the American Civil War, in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Upon learning that the Army of the Potomac was on its way, Lee planned to assemble his army in the prosperous crossroads town of Gettysburg, 35 miles southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. While Ewell made a secondary attack against Culps Hill, Lee planned to hit the Federal centre with 10 brigades, three of which were the fresh troops of Gen. George Picketts division. The Satterlee Hospital and the Mower Hospital (both near Philadelphia) were significant military hospitals and rehabilitation centers, as was the York U.S. Army General Hospital. Lee wanted to exploit this strategic weakness, but Ewell argued that Longstreet should make the main attack on the opposite flank. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Richards' Company, Mississippi Light Artillery (Madison Light Artillery). Union gunboat attacks, but later withdraws. The foundry produced 1,193 guns (15 percent of the total U.S. wartime artillery production) and almost 200,000 artillery projectiles. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PAHMC). In the largest battle fought between Confederate and Black troops, after nearly two days of close combat, the Confederates were defeated in their attempt to raise the siege of Vicksburg. Union campaign towards Little Rock, Arkansas halted. When Longstreets artillery started preparatory firing at 3:00 pm, Meade rushed to the heretofore neglected south flank and found that Sickles had not positioned his III Corps along Cemetery Ridge as directed but had moved forward to higher ground. In the summer of 1861, Confederate troops were massing in Virginia, and Union troops marched southward to fight them. Lee told Ewell to attack Cemetery Hill if possible, but Ewell did not elect to take the risk. As the next day dawned, the Union Army had established strong positions from Culps Hill to Cemetery Ridge. Longstreet, not Pickett, was in command of the operation. After a great victory over Union forces at. "Pennsylvania and the American Civil War: Recent Trends and Interpretations. Grant and Lee meet inconclusively, Grant writes to Halleck "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer". The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. During the retreat on the night of July 4-5, 1863, Civil War came to South Mountain in what is known as the Battle of Monterey Pass. However, according to Lees biographer, Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee never gave any intimation that he considered Longstreets failure at Gettysburg more than the error of a good soldier. One of the Confederate divisions in A.P. 2,000-year-old hoard of Roman coins may have been hidden by a soldier His train of wounded stretched more than fourteen miles. January 5 - U.S. Several smaller engagements were also fought in the Keystone State, including the Battle of Hanover, Battle of Carlisle, Battle of Hunterstown, and the Battle of Fairfield, all during the Gettysburg Campaign. Leading major generals from Pennsylvania included Winfield S. Hancock, John F. Reynolds, Samuel W. Crawford, John W. Geary, and John F. Hartranft (the latter two would use their military careers to propel them to the governorship following the war). Confederates were ambushed; Camden Point is scorched. The Battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861, was the first major engagement of the Civil War. Confederates captured after failing to find a secure retreat. 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