Mesonychidae was named by Cope (1880). He wanted me to check some statements about the relationship between FTL and causality. Identify the bony openings of the skull. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which is called thecalvaria(skullcap), and the lateral and posterior sides of the skull. And another matter, given that mesonychian meat processing really didn't seem to be up to snuff, compared to modern carnivorans, their traditional characterisation as archaic,'inferior' predators might have some credit after all. The three nasal conchae are curved bones that project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. [8], harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJordiAnton2002 (, J. D. Archibald. Mesonychids are carnivorous mammals, and some are closely related to dolphins. Classification: Chordata, Mammalia, Cetacea, After Andrewsarchus, the best known mesonychians are the mesonychids and, as we saw previously, Andrewsarchus may not be a mesonychian anyway. Ambulocetus is very interesting as it appears to Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Mesonychids in North America were by far the largest predatory mammals during the early Paleocene to middle Eocene. Its type genus is Mesonyx. Inside the mouth, the palatine processes of the maxilla bones, along with the horizontal plates of the right and left palatine bones, join together to form the hard palate. All of the sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity (paranasal = next to nasal cavity) and are lined with nasal mucosa. point for your own research. I've been in Romania and Hungary where I had a great time - saw lots of neat animals (fossil and living) and hung out with some neat people. It passes behind the ear drum and between two tiny bones of the middle ear called the incus and malleus. These are bony plates that curve downward as they project into the space of the nasal cavity. Looking back at it now, that very first ver 2 post is rather odd. Stereophotograph of upper cheek teeth of Sinonyxjiashanensis gen. et sp. The two most basal taxa are Dissacus and Ankalagon (Archibald 1998, O'Leary 1999, 2001, Geisler & McKenna 2007). You're welcome. The interior space that is almost completely occupied by the brain is called the cranial cavity. www.prehistoric-wildlife.com. Located just above the inferior concha is themiddle nasal concha, which is part of the ethmoid bone. For another, more detailed, article about Mesonychidae, see, Sarah L. Shelley, Thomas E. Williamson, Stephen L. Brusatte, Resolving the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of Triisodontidae (Condylarthra) within Placentalia, October 2015, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (abstract), "New Mesonychid mammals found from lower Paleogene of Erlian Basin, Nei Mongol", "Carnivores, creodonts and carnivorous ungulates: Mammals become predators", 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0387:ANSOAM]2.0.CO;2, "Mesonyx and the other mesonychid mesonychians (mesonychians part IV) | ScienceBlogs", "The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla", "Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesonychid&oldid=1115476645, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 October 2022, at 17:25. Each side of the nasal cavity is triangular in shape, with a broad inferior space that narrows superiorly. Attached to the lateral wall on each side of the nasal cavity are the superior, middle, and inferiornasal conchae(singular = concha), which are named for their positions (seeFigure11). The flattened, upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It is located within the body of the sphenoid bone, just anterior and inferior to the sella turcica, thus making it the most posterior of the paranasal sinuses. It has an outer (lateral) and an inner (medial) aspect. The upper portion of the nasal septum is formed by theperpendicular plate of the ethmoid boneand the lower portion is thevomer bone. Located at the anterior-lateral margin of the foramen magnum is thehypoglossal canal. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 132, 127-174. Skulls and teeth have similar features to early whales, and the family was long thought to be the ancestors of cetaceans. Its skull adapted for holding large, struggling prey underwater. As a result, the back was relatively stiff, and Pachyaena would have been a stiff-legged runner, its gait perhaps more resembling that of a horse or antelope than that of a carnivoran. This is the point of exit for a sensory nerve that supplies the nose, upper lip, and anterior cheek. This opening provides for passage of the nerve from the hearing and equilibrium organs of the inner ear, and the nerve that supplies the muscles of the face. to breed and give birth. A third bony plate, also part of the ethmoid bone, is thesuperior nasal concha. physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry, and futurism. arranged in such a way that it could swallow food while underwater. Nearly all mesonychids are, on average, larger than most of the Paleocene and Eocene creodonts and miacoid carnivorans. The unpaired bones are the vomer and mandible bones. They first appeared in the Early Paleocene and went into a sharp decline at the end of the Eocene and died out entirely when the last genus, Mongolestes became extinct in the Early Oligocene. Synoplotherium may also be part of this Harpagolestes-Mesonyx clade, and Zhou et al. - Journal of - Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called theglabella(seeFigure3). The frontal bone forms the roof and the zygomatic bone forms the lateral wall and lateral floor. Pakicetus had a long snout; a typical complement of teeth that included incisors, canines, premolars, and . Named By: Thewissen et al - 1996. Is there any hard evidence for the sexual dimorphism - the males having blunt, heavy, bone-crushing teeth, the females having blade-like ones - suggested for *Ankalogon* and *Harpagolestes* in the popular and semi-technical literature? At the time of birth, the mandible consists of paired right and left bones, but these fuse together during the first year to form the single U-shaped mandible of the adult skull. This flattened region forms both the roof of the orbit below and the floor of the anterior cranial cavity above (seeFigure6b). & McKenna, M. C. 2007. Figure16. This little known plugin reveals the answer. However, recent work indicates that Pachyaena is paraphyletic (Geisler & McKenna 2007), with P. ossifraga being closer to Synoplotherium, Harpagolestes and Mesonyx than to P. gigantea. skull of Ambulocetus is The condyle of the mandible articulates (joins) with the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone. Male mesonychids had thick carnassals which would have been useful for crushing bone, pointing to a scavenger lifestyle. Finally, the cheek teeth were not as sharp, or an enlarged, as those of canids and other predatory carnivorans, so mesonychids were apparently less good at slicing through tissue. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals. 1998. (1995), Geisler and McKenna (2007) and Spaulding et al. Thegreater wings of the sphenoid boneextend laterally to either side away from the sella turcica, where they form the anterior floor of the middle cranial fossa. Methuselah Foundation, the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and the Lifeboat Foundation. In addition to being an avid blogger, Michael is particularly What Does a Faster-Than-Light Object Look Like? Extending from each lateral wall are the superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha, which are thin, curved projections that extend into the nasal cavity (Figure11). Although it had the body of a land animal, its head had the distinctive long skull shape of a whale's. Over time, fossils also revealed that Pakicetus had an ear bone with a feature unique to whales and an ankle bone that linked it to artiodactyls, a large order of even-toed hoofed mammals that includes hippos, pigs, sheep, cows, deer . The current uncertainty may, in part, reflect the fragmentary nature of the remains of some crucial fossil taxa, such as Andrewsarchus.[13]. Several cranial nerves from the brain exit the skull via this opening. Because their connection to the nasal cavity is located high on their medial wall, they are difficult to drain. Recent fossil discoveries have overturned this idea; the consensus is that whales are highly derived artiodactyls. Shown in isolation in (a) superior and (b) posterior views, the sphenoid bone is a single midline bone that forms the anterior walls and floor of the middle cranial fossa. %PDF-1.2 % The following airs here in the UK tonight (Thursday 30th June 2011), Channel 4. Each parietal bone is also bounded anteriorly by the frontal bone, inferiorly by the temporal bone, and posteriorly by the occipital bone. Mesonychids probably originated in China, where the most primitive mesonychid, Yangtanglestes, is known from the early Paleocene. This midline view of the sagittally sectioned skull shows the nasal septum. Figure4. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support . 3 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 5 /H [ 677 158 ] /L 5375 /E 5050 /N 1 /T 5198 >> endobj xref 3 14 0000000016 00000 n 0000000624 00000 n 0000000835 00000 n 0000000988 00000 n 0000001184 00000 n 0000001289 00000 n 0000001393 00000 n 0000001499 00000 n 0000001552 00000 n 0000002666 00000 n 0000003413 00000 n 0000004908 00000 n 0000000677 00000 n 0000000815 00000 n trailer << /Size 17 /Info 2 0 R /Root 4 0 R /Prev 5189 /ID[<4e5292bec552ff6cdecba3d79dd8a517><4e5292bec552ff6cdecba3d79dd8a517>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 4 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >> endobj 15 0 obj << /S 36 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 16 0 R >> stream Inside Nature's Giants: a major television event worthy of praise and accolade. Thehard palateis the bony plate that forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity, separating the oral and nasal cavities. - Farewell to life on land thoracic strength as a new indicator to They may not have included hypercarnivores (comparable to felids); their teeth were not as effective at cutting meat as later groups of large mammalian predators. The zygomatic arch is formed jointly by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone. These produce swelling of the mucosa and excess mucus production, which can obstruct the narrow passageways between the sinuses and the nasal cavity, causing your voice to sound different to yourself and others. Part I! Figure5. It is divided at the midline by the large foramen magnum (great aperture), the opening that provides for passage of the spinal cord. How? have only worked while Parsimony analysis of total evidence from extinct and extant taxa and the cetacean-artiodactyl question (Mammalia, Ungulata). The upper margin of the anterior orbit is thesupraorbital margin. The The floor of the brain case is referred to as the base of the skull. On the inferior skull, thepalatine processfrom each maxillary bone can be seen joining together at the midline to form the anterior three-quarters of the hard palate (seeFigure6a). Dissacus was a jackal- or wolf-sized mesonychid that occurred throughout the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Paleocene (more than ten species have been named). What Have We Learned from Prehistoric Cave Paintings? Located inside this portion of the ethmoid bone are several small, air-filled spaces that are part of the paranasal sinus system of the skull. Nasal Septum. Immediately inferior to the internal acoustic meatus is the large, irregularly shapedjugular foramen(seeFigure6a). In Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed) The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea. Further reading Cambridge University Press, pp. The rounded brain case surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. Theorbitis the bony socket that houses the eyeball and muscles that move the eyeball or open the upper eyelid. Both the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa contain muscles that act on the mandible during chewing. Anatomy: Pakicetus looked very different from modern cetaceans, and its body shape more resembled those of land dwelling, hoofed mammals. Mesonychia ("Middle Claws") are an extinct order of medium to large-sized carnivorous mammals that were closely related to artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates), and to cetaceans (dolphins and whales). There were bone-cracking scavengers, small jackal or fox-like generalists, large wolf-like hunters, and so on. In severe cases, the bony gap continues into the anterior upper jaw where the alveolar processes of the maxilla bones also do not properly join together above the front teeth. Asutureis an immobile joint between adjacent bones of the skull. In this case, the resemblances to early whales would be due to convergent evolution among ungulate-like herbivores that developed adaptations related to hunting or eating meat. First described in 1834, it was the first archaeocete and prehistoric whale known to science. [12] However, the close grouping of whales with hippopotami in cladistic analyses only surfaces following the deletion of Andrewsarchus, which has often been included within the mesonychids. Hussain & M. Arif - 1994. While, as noted earlier and elsewhere, Pachyaena and other mesonychids are often imagined as wolf-like, the good data we have on the osteology of this animal show that it was quite different from a canid in many respects. In some localities, multiple species or genera coexisted in different ecological niches. Thenasal boneis one of two small bones that articulate (join) with each other to form the bony base (bridge) of the nose. Ambulocetus is similar in design to Pakicetus, with the addition of flippered feet, and most likely moved better in the water than on land like a modern otter or seal. External and Internal Views of Base of Skull. This was achieved by the arrangement of air passages in the snout. The hyoid serves as the base for the tongue above, and is attached to the larynx below and the pharynx posteriorly. Inside the cranial cavity, the right and leftlesser wings of the sphenoid bone, which resemble the wings of a flying bird, form the lip of a prominent ridge that marks the boundary between the anterior and middle cranial fossae. The pterion is an important clinical landmark because located immediately deep to it on the inside of the skull is a major branch of an artery that supplies the skull and covering layers of the brain. Mesonychid taxonomy has long been disputed and they have captured . . The middle cranial fossa has several openings for the passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves (seeFigure6). They first appeared in the Early Paleocene, undergoing numerous speciation events during the Paleocene, and Eocene. It was a fragmented skull,with lots of teeth, found in Pakistan in sediments about 50 my old. A much smaller portion of the vomer can also be seen when looking into the anterior opening of the nasal cavity. Mesonychians have been extinct since the early Oligocene, but there are occasional, unconfirmed sightings of cat or dog-like predators with hooves. Pakicetus has a similar body design, but a head more closely resembling archaic cetaceans. The lower jaw has a large cavity, which in modern toothed whales, houses an extensive pad of fat. The most posterior is the sphenoid sinus, located in the body of the sphenoid bone, under the sella turcica. It was assigned to Creodonta by Cope (1880); to Creodonta by Cope (1889); to Carnivora by Peterson (1919); to Mesonychia by Carroll (1988) and Zhou et al. Symptoms associated with a hematoma may not be apparent immediately following the injury, but if untreated, blood accumulation will exert increasing pressure on the brain and can result in death within a few hours. Though mesonychids have skulls similar to canids, the two are quite different. Each orbit is cone-shaped, with a narrow posterior region that widens toward the large anterior opening. The lesser wing of the sphenoid bone separates the anterior and middle cranial fossae. Postcranial skeleton of the early Eocene mesonychid Pachyaena (Mammalia: Mesonychia). Cranial Fossae. The sphenoid has multiple openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels, including the optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum. The lambdoid suture joins the occipital bone to the right and left parietal and temporal bones. The anterior nasal septum is formed by theseptal cartilage, a flexible plate that fills in the gap between the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bones. The head consisted of a very wolf-like structure, with sharp teeth used for diving for fish in coastal regions. What Organisms Lived During the Miocene Epoch? Mesonychids had a superficial resemblance to wolves, though they had hooves instead of paws, and much larger heads. Dentition of most reptiles shows little specialization in a given row of teeth. It is much smaller and out of sight, above the middle concha. Harpagolestes, known from several North American and Asian species, is a notably robust-skulled mesonychid with proportionally large canines, a deep lower jaw, and relatively broad post-canine teeth that are often heavily worn [skull of H. uintensis shown here, from Szalay & Gould (1966)]. 46. feeding in sea coming on land. Each side of the mandible consists of a horizontal body and posteriorly, a vertically orientedramus of the mandible(ramus = branch). that Ambulocetus was a go anywhere predator. Ankalagon was larger than Dissacus (though the only known species, A. saurognathus, was originally described as a species of Dissacus) and is sometimes said to have been North America's first large mammalian predator. ScienceBlogs is a registered trademark of Science 2.0, a science media nonprofit operating under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. A view of the lateral skull is dominated by the large, rounded brain case above and the upper and lower jaws with their teeth below (Figure3). name from the idea that it could both swim by undulating its back Below the level of the zygomatic arch and deep to the vertical portion of the mandible is another space called theinfratemporal fossa. Theropods, several crurotarsan clades and, to a certain degree, even entelodonts did just fine with ziphodont teeth; Australia's top mammalian predator wasn't a dasyurid, but *Thylacoleo*. [2] Species of the later genus, Pachyaena, entered North America by the earliest Eocene, where they evolved into huge species surpassing even Ankalagon in size. This is a complex area that varies in depth and has numerous openings for the passage of cranial nerves, blood vessels, and the spinal cord. In this view, the vomer is seen to form the entire height of the nasal septum. At the posterior apex of the orbit is the opening of theoptic canal, which allows for passage of the optic nerve from the retina to the brain. Systematic Biology 48, 455-490. If the underlying artery is damaged, bleeding can cause the formation of a hematoma (collection of blood) between the brain and interior of the skull. The small superior nasal concha is well hidden above and behind the middle concha. Though mesonychids have skulls similar to canids, the two are quite different. One genus, Dissacus, successfully spread to Europe and North America by the early Paleocene. The venous structures that carry blood inside the skull form large, curved grooves on the inner walls of the posterior cranial fossa, which terminate at each jugular foramen. And there is yet more to come: the hapalodectids are next. Skulls and teeth have similar features to early whales, and the family was long thought to be the ancestors of cetaceans. Thewissen, S. I. Madar & S. T. Hussain - 1996. The most anterior is the frontal sinus, located in the frontal bone above the eyebrows. I look forward to it. As I recall Prothero et al. Pachyaena is reasonably well-known (Zhou et al. This cartilage also extends outward into the nose where it separates the right and left nostrils. 1998. Mesonychids had longer, flatter skulls, and an exaggerated sagittal crest, a skull crest which would have been used as an anchor for jaw muscles. Not to toot my own horn, but I found this article very inspiring. Thecoronal sutureruns from side to side across the skull, within the coronal plane of section (seeFigure3). Szalay, F. S. & Gould, S. J. Notable among these is the outer rim or helix, which . Inside the cranial cavity, the frontal bone extends posteriorly. While the limb proportions and hoof-like phalanges indicate cursoriality, the limbs were relatively stout and show that it cannot have been a long-distance pursuit runner. [4] A later genus, Pachyaena, entered North America by the earliest Eocene, where it evolved into species that were at least as large. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. However a 2016 study by He has also worked for the Head and traumatic brain injuries are major causes of immediate death and disability, with bleeding and infections as possible additional complications. Mesonychids' canine teeth were slightly longer and thinner than canids', better at piercing flesh but slightly worse at holding onto the kill. Time period: Ypresian of the Eocene. The shape and depth of each fossa corresponds to the shape and size of the brain region that each houses. ear structure of Thezygomatic boneis also known as the cheekbone. your answers Same skull features as Hapalodectes, still with a very terrestrial ear (tympanic membrane, no protection from pressure changes, no good underwater sound localization), and therefore clearly not a deep diver. Mesonychians were long considered to be creodonts, but have now been removed from that order and placed in three families (Mesonychidae, Hapalodectidae, and Triisodontidae), either within their own order, Mesonychia, or within the order Condylarthra as part of the cohort or superorder Laurasiatheria. The anterior portion of the lacrimal bone forms a shallow depression called thelacrimal fossa, and extending inferiorly from this is thenasolacrimal canal. Thus the temporal process (anteriorly) and the zygomatic process (posteriorly) join together, like the two ends of a drawbridge, to form the zygomatic arch. both fresh and salt water. This implies that Ambulocetus Nearly all mesonychians are, on average, larger than most of the Paleocene and Eocene creodonts and miacoid carnivorans. Basilosaurus (meaning "king lizard") is a genus of large, predatory, prehistoric archaeocete whale from the late Eocene, approximately 41.3 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). To see new stuff (from July 2011 to present), click here. The mastoid process can easily be felt on the side of the head just behind your earlobe. It is formed during embryonic development by the midline fusion of the horizontal plates from the right and left palatine bones and the palatine processes of the maxilla bones. \+ \N\?luW whale ear bone. Eachlacrimal boneis a small, rectangular bone that forms the anterior, medial wall of the orbit (seeFigure2andFigure3). Prothero, D. R., Manning, E. M. & Fischer, M. 1988. Rather, they're the better known ones: the ones that have been included in phylogenetic studies, or the ones known from remains complete enough that allow functional or palaeobiological inferences to be made. Learn Mesonychid facts for kids. It serves as a keystone bone, because it joins with almost every other bone of the skull. Name Mesonychids e.g. The maxillary bone forms the upper jaw and supports the upper teeth. It provides attachments for muscles that act on the tongue, larynx, and pharynx. Content copyright nov. (IV PP V 10760, holotype), occlusal view. 2001. If your emotions win out, you can get yourself in a lot of trouble. -Ken Wohletz (1995) found Mongolonyx and Mongolestes (both from Eocene Asia) to be part of this clade as well. Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., Clementz, M. T., Bajpai, S. & Tiwari, B. N. 2007. The most famous mesonychids were the one-ton Andrewsarchus, the largest ground-dwelling carnivorous mammal that ever lived, and the smaller and more wolflike Mesonyx. Beyond Ambulocetus, it is easy to trace the ancestry directly to modern cetaceans[8]: Sinonyx (land-dwelling) -> Pakicetus (swims occasionally) -> Ambulocetus natans (swims predominantly) -> Rodhocetus (paddling reduced hind legs) -> Basilosaurus (vestigial hind limbs) -> Dorudon. As blood accumulates, it will put pressure on the brain. The anterior skull consists of the facial bones and provides the bony support for the eyes and structures of the face. They had large heads with relatively long necks. The skull varied in length; some species had a relatively short face, but in others the face was long and more horselike. All rights reserved. - . Size: 3 meters long. The broad U-shaped curve located between the coronoid and condylar processes is themandibular notch. Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India. The ethmoid bone also forms the lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity. Zhou, X. Y., Sanders, W. J. Thesella turcica(Turkish saddle) is located at the midline of the middle cranial fossa. The larger of these is the inferior nasal concha, an independent bone of the skull. Nature 450, 1190-1195. One of the major muscles that pulls the mandible upward during biting and chewing arises from the zygomatic arch. Mesonychids were the first mammalian carnivores after the extinction of the dinosaurs.. Since other carnivores such as the creodonts and condylarths were either rare or absent in these animal communities, mesonychians most likely dominated the large predator niche in the Paleocene of Asia. The pterion is located approximately two finger widths above the zygomatic arch and a thumbs width posterior to the upward portion of the zygomatic bone. Skull of a new mesonychid (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of China. These are located just behind your eyebrows and vary in size among individuals, although they are generally larger in males. 1999. This view of the posterior skull shows attachment sites for muscles and joints that support the skull. The small collection of teeth attributed to the animal - a creature primarily represented by the back portion of a skull - corresponded to the mesonychid type. The mesonychids' large sagittal crests indicates that they would have had tremendous biting power, with some species more powerful than any living carnivorans. was more aquatic than Early mesonychians had five digits on their feet, which probably rested flat on the ground during walking (plantigrade locomotion), but later mesonychians had four digits and ended in tiny hoofs on all of their toes and were increasingly well adapted to running. A few experts unite Mesonychia with the whales to form the clade "Cete." The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. This article is about the prehistoric ungulate. [13][14] One possible conclusion is that Andrewsarchus has been incorrectly classified. The two clades were not homogeneous: maybe diverse ecomorphs prosperated differently in different places. The sphenoid forms much of the base of the central skull (seeFigure6) and also extends laterally to contribute to the sides of the skull (seeFigure3). These emerge on the inferior aspect of the skull at the base of the occipital condyle and provide passage for an important nerve to the tongue. An anterior view of the skull shows the bones that form the forehead, orbits (eye sockets), nasal cavity, nasal septum, and upper and lower jaws. Cleft palate affects approximately 1:2500 births and is more common in females. It unites the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone (seeFigure3). Yep, you are correct - a stupid error that I will now go correct, thanks. Then why did the two clades coexist for such a long time? Ambulocetus Technically speaking, the term "mesonychid" refers specifically only to the members of the family Mesonychidae, such as the species of the genus Mesonyx. Openings in the middle cranial fossa are as follows: The posterior cranial fossa is the most posterior and deepest portion of the cranial cavity. Rose, K. D. & O'Leary, M. A. Hornbills, hoopoes and woodhoopoes are all similar in appearance and have been classified together in a group termed Bucerotes. The inferior nasal concha is an independent bone of the skull. The big question of where. Strong blows to the brain-case portion of the skull can produce fractures. Fractures of the occipital bone at the base of the skull can occur in this manner, producing a basilar fracture that can damage the artery that passes through the carotid canal.
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